Lesson 7 and 8 Q-Cards

Myocardium

Specialized muscle tissue that forms the heart → is a double pump that has the left and right sides.

Pulmonary Circulation

Main function of the RIGHT SIDE of the heart, pumps the deoxygenated blood, (has returned) to the LUNGS.

Systemic Circulation

Role of the LEFT SIDE of the heart to pump the OXYGENATED blood, (returned from the lungs) to the BODY.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood Away from the heart, they are used in both pulmonary (deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries to the lungs from the right side) and systemic circulation (oxygenated to the body from the left side of the lungs).

Arterioles

They are smaller branches of the arteries that lead to capillaries (gas exchange) THEY ARE SURROUNDED BY SMOOTH MUSCLE WHICH MEANS THAT THEY ARE THE PRIMARY SITE OF VASCULAR RESISTANCE.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart, they are used in both pulmonary (oxygenated from lungs to the left side) and systemic (deoxygenated from the body to the right side).

Capillaries

SMALLEST OF THE blood vessels, they help to enable exchange of gases such as CO2, O2, H2O, waste and nutrients substances between the blood and tissues of the body.

Plasma

Fluid component of blood (mostly water), it keeps the blood from sticking up.

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

They are made in the bone marrow and transports the O2 and the CO2 and transports waste and nutrients. They also contain hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin

Very important for oxygen transportation.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

They destroy foreign element (protect the body and are very important in the immune system).

Platelets

They regulate blood clotting, they are the mesh material that stops blood flow from out of the body.

Cardiac Cycle

This is the series of events that occurs through one heart beat.

Diastole

Relaxation and the ventricle is filling with blood.

Systole

Contraction is when the heart contracts and ejects the blood.

Blood Pressure

Force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries and the vascular vessels. MEASURED IN THE 2 PHASES AND IN MILLIMETRES OF MERCURY (mmHg).

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Low pressure in veins (going up and does not have the heart to pump blood around) → problem for the cardiovascular system, so they're are skeletal muscle pumps that helps to return the blood to the heart.

Flow of Blood Through the Heart

Superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semi-lunar valve → out of pulmonary arteries → lungs → returns through pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → pumped out through aortic semilunar valve → into aorta → body through systemic circulation → gas exchange in the body → back to the heart through pulmonary circulation.

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Specialized region of tissue that is found in the RIGHT atrium where electrical signals that lead to contraction are initiated, this makes the top of the heart to contract and force blood to the lower heart which then gets the AV node to contract.

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Specialized tissue that transmits the electrical signal from the top (atria) to the bottom (ventricles) and to the Ventricular septum.

Systole

Maximum pressure when the heart is contracting.

Diastole

Minimum pressure when the heart is relaxing.

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Mechanism that helps return blood to the heart by pushing blood back with each contraction of skeletal muscles.

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Specialized region of tissue in the right atrium where electrical signals that lead to contraction are initiated; it acts as the pacemaker of the heart, generating a heart rate of 60 to 100 bpm for an adult.

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Specialized tissue that transmits the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles and to the Ventricular septum, allowing for synchronized contraction of the ventricles.

Bundle of His

Structure within the Ventricular septum that allows for synchronized contraction of the ventricles.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Graphical representation of the electrical sequence of events occurring with each contraction of the heart.

Depolarization

The discharge of energy that accompanies the transfer of ions across the cell membrane, preparing the heart to contract.

P wave

The wave generated by the SA node during depolarization, indicating the heart is getting ready to contract.

Repolarization

The cells of the heart return to the negatively charged state which means that it is relaxing (this is because the positive k+ is leaving the cell making it more negative)

Bradycardia

Easily observed characterizes after training which is a heart beat that is 60bpm or less

Tachycardia

Heart rate that is more than 100bpm at rest

P wave

This is the depolarization through the atria (creates the action potential for the heart to contract) → to get the blood to the ventricles

P-R interval

This is the small delay that is happening when the electronic charge is moving from the SA node to the AV node, then the bundle of his which makes the ventricles to contract which leads to the QRS complex → leads to ventricular depolarization

QRS complex

This is the depolarization of the ventricles (bottom), contracts up to allow for the blood to get to the lungs and body

ST Segment

This is when the repolarization happens and allows for the heart to become negatively charged again

T-Wave

The period of recovery where the SA node recharges and allows for another cycle to begin

T wave

This represents the repolarization of the ventricles (relaxation, now contracted it allows the atria to fill up again and allows for the SA node to recharge to send a new signal)

Cardiac output (Q)

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Blood pressure (BP)

The pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels

Distribution of blood flow

Where blood is directed in the body during various activities

Oxygen consumption (VO2)

The amount of oxygen used by the body during physical activity

Coronary Circulation

This is the system of vessels that supply white and red and essential material via the blood to the heart and the muscles itself

Heart attack

Myocardial infarction is a result of part of the section of the heart muscle becoming blocked due to PLAQUE BUILD UP or another reason

Atherosclerosis

Is a coronary artery disease that involves a narrowing of the coronary arteries due to an accumulation of plaque (hard deposit of cholesterol), on/in-between the lining of the blood vessels

Causes of Coronary Artery Disease

Poor diet, smoking, elevated blood lipids, hypertension, family history, physical inactivity, stress, excessive alcohol

Respiratory System

Main function includes supplying O2 to blood, removing CO2 from blood, and regulating blood pH (to take out carbon and not make carbolic acids)

External Respiration

What occurs with the lungs of the exchange of O2 and CO2.

Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases at the tissue level through diffusion of the O2 being delivered and the CO2 being removed.

Cellular Respiration

The process that the cells do in the mitochondria using O2 to create energy.

Conductive Zone

Filters air into the lungs and consists of mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary and secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchiole, and terminal bronchioles.

Respiratory Zone

Where the gas exchange occurs, consisting of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.

Inspiration

An ACTIVE PROCESS involving contractions of many respiratory muscles, increasing lung volume and requiring significant energy.

Expiration

A PASSIVE PROCESS that involves quietly breathing out, not using as much energy, or an ACTIVE process of forcing air out, involving relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Gas Exchange

There are about 300 million alveolar sacs that are surrounded by a web of capillaries → they are 1 cell thick so there is a very short distance for gases to diffuse.

Control of Ventilation

This is just breathing (controlled by contraction and relaxation of muscles) → they are stimulated from the central nervous system (CNS) → Everything is associated with the overall need of O2, metabolic processes, muscle activity, and production of CO2 → very complex and need many forms of feedback from specialized sensory systems to the neural control centers within the brain.

Diffusion

High to low gradient → concentration gradient.

Oxygen Transport

O2 → absorbed into lungs and carried to the peripheral tissues.

CO2 Transport

CO2 → moves from the blood into the alveoli then is exhaled from the body.

VO2

Difference between the amount of CO2 in the artery and vein reflects the amount of the O2 that is delivered to the muscle.

Rest-To-Exercise Transition

The delivery of the O2 to the working skeletal muscle is through a combination of physiological mechanisms → NOT INSTANTEOUS, there is a lag which is when the O2 deficit occurs → YOU THEN HAVE TO RELY ON THE ANAREOBIC (NOT O2) when you are getting transitioning to the steady-state of oxygen consumption then is achieved.

O2 Deficit

As you start to work out your muscle uses more O2 which brings you into a deficit (This is the difference between the O2 required to perform a task and the actually oxygen consumed before reaching the new steady state → trained get to this steady state faster).

Oxygen Requirement

The Oxygen is required to perform a task → this is the amount of oxygen that is needed for your body to sustain a specific level of activity, ie running → your muscles need a specific amount of oxygen.

Transition Phase

Oxygen is actually consumed prior to reaching the new steady state: when you start an activity it takes time for your body to catch up to the oxygen demand so your breathing, heart, and oxygen have a lag and an adjustment period called the transition phase.

Ventilatory Threshold

a state in which ventilation increases much more rapidly than workload (this is with the heavy breathing)

Lactate Threshold

this is the point where blood lactate concentration begins to increase, the amount of lactate that is produced is still the same amount as your body can remove

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation

this is when the levels of lactate begin to accumulate rapidly in the blood, this is when the lactate is now being produced at a higher rate then it being removed at, when you are trained then this would shift to the right on a graph which means that your body is more efficient.

VO2 Max

the maximal rate of oxygen consumption

Maximum volume of O2

Is the maximum volume (V) of O2 that the human body can use in 1 minute per kilogram of weight, when breathing air at sea level

Asthma

spasm of smooth muscle that is line of the respiratory system and over secretion of mucous

Asthma Symptoms

swelling of the cell lining in the respiratory tract exercise allergic reaction contaminates

Asthma Management

Asthma can be controlled by different medications → you can still be an Olympic-level athlete and able to compete with it

COPD

general term that describes a family of diseases that leads to a dramatic reduction in the airflow through the respiratory system → there would be a plaque build up in the lungs that can be caused by smoking

COPD Symptoms

people with COPD have shortness of breath (dyspnea) when doing normal activities

COPD Treatment

medications

COPD Treatment

For more extreme cases: supplemental oxygen therapy and respiratory muscle training