4d bio (4.12-4.18) detailed (Sources, Effects, Mitigation)

Pollution: Air Pollution Sources (4 marks)

• Industrial emissions (factories, power plants)

• Vehicle exhaust (cars, trucks, buses)

• Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

• Cattle farming (ammonia from livestock)

Pollution: Air Pollution Effects (3 marks)

• Health issues (asthma, bronchitis, cardiovascular diseases)

• Environmental damage (acid rain, smog)

• Climate change (increased greenhouse gases)

Pollution: Air Pollution Mitigation (3 marks)

• Emission controls (scrubbers, catalytic converters)

• Use of alternative energy sources (wind, solar)

• Improved public transport and fuel efficiency

Pollution: Water Pollution Sources (4 marks)

• Industrial discharge (chemicals, heavy metals)

• Agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers)

• Sewage and waste (households, sewage plants)

• Oil spills (ships, pipelines)

Pollution: Water Pollution Effects (3 marks)

• Eutrophication (algae blooms leading to oxygen depletion)

• Harm to aquatic life (fish kills, loss of biodiversity)

• Contamination of drinking water (pathogens, toxins)

Pollution: Water Pollution Mitigation (3 marks)

• Wastewater treatment (filtration, biological treatment)

• Establishing buffer zones (vegetation around water bodies)

• Enforcing regulations (pollutant limits, monitoring)

Pollution: Land Pollution Sources (3 marks)

• Landfills (decomposition of waste)

• Chemical spills (industrial accidents)

• Improper waste disposal (household, hazardous materials)

Pollution: Land Pollution Effects (3 marks)

• Soil contamination (toxins affecting plant growth)

• Health risks (exposure to toxic substances)

• Decreased land usability (for agriculture, habitation)

Pollution: Land Pollution Mitigation (3 marks)

• Proper waste disposal (segregation, recycling)

• Soil remediation (bioremediation, phytoremediation)

• Reduced use of harmful chemicals

Deforestation Sources (3 marks)

• Logging (commercial, illegal)

• Agricultural expansion (crops, livestock)

• Infrastructure development (urban areas, roads)

Deforestation Effects (3 marks)

• Loss of biodiversity (species extinction)

• Climate change (increased CO2 levels, disrupted weather patterns)

• Soil erosion (loss of topsoil, decreased fertility)

Deforestation Mitigation (3 marks)

• Reforestation (planting trees, restoring deforested areas)

• Sustainable practices (certified logging, agroforestry)

• Protected areas (conservation programs, wildlife reserves)

Climate Change Sources (2 marks)

• Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide)

• Deforestation (reduced carbon sequestration)

Climate Change Effects (3 marks)

• Temperature rise (global warming, heatwaves)

• Melting ice caps (sea level rise, habitat loss)

• Changes in weather patterns (extreme events, altered precipitation)

Climate Change Mitigation (3 marks)

• Reducing emissions (renewable energy, energy efficiency)

• Carbon sequestration (afforestation, soil management)

• Adaptation measures (flood defenses, resilient infrastructure)

Overexploitation of Resources Sources (2 marks)

• Overfishing (unsustainable practices)

• Overhunting (species decline, ecosystem imbalance)

Overexploitation of Resources Effects (2 marks)

• Species extinction (loss of biodiversity)

• Ecosystem imbalance (disrupted food webs, habitat loss)

Overexploitation of Resources Mitigation (2 marks)

• Conservation laws (protected areas, quotas)

• Sustainable practices (certified fishing and hunting, public awareness)

Urbanization Sources (2 marks)

• Habitat destruction (land conversion for development)

• Waste generation (increased production from urban areas)

Urbanization Effects (2 marks)

• Loss of habitats (fragmentation, isolated patches)

• Pollution (air, water, land)

Urbanization Mitigation (2 marks)

• Urban planning (green spaces, sustainable development)

• Waste management (recycling programs, waste reduction)

Agricultural Practices Sources (2 marks)

• Intensive farming (use of fertilizers and pesticides)

• Unsustainable practices (monocultures, overgrazing)

Agricultural Practices Effects (2 marks)

• Soil degradation (loss of fertility, erosion)

• Water pollution (nutrient runoff, pesticide contamination)

Agricultural Practices Mitigation (2 marks)

• Sustainable farming (organic practices, crop rotation)

• Soil conservation (reduced tillage, cover cropping)

Waste Management Sources (2 marks)

• Municipal waste (household, commercial)

• Hazardous waste (industrial chemicals, e-waste)

Waste Management Effects (2 marks)

• Environmental pollution (leakage, contamination)

• Health risks (toxic exposure, disease)

Waste Management Mitigation (3 marks)

• Recycling (sorting, processing materials)

• Composting (organic waste management)

• Waste reduction (source reduction, reuse