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Chapter 1
Anatomy
Science of body structures and relationships among them.
Physiology
Science of body functions or how structures work.
Levels of Organization
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, System level, Organism level.
Digestive System
Mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas; function is to digest and absorb food, excrete waste.
Integumentary System
Skin, hair, nails; protects body, regulates temperature, eliminates waste, receives stimuli.
Skeletal System
Bones, cartilage, joints; supports and protects body, assists in movement, stores minerals and lipids.
Muscular System
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles; brings about movement, produces heat, maintains posture.
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves; generates action potentials, detects changes, interprets and responds.
Lymphatic & Immune System
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils; transports fats, protects against disease.
Respiratory System
Lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, bronchial tubes; supplies O2, eliminates CO2, regulates acid-base balance.
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra; eliminates wastes, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance.
Reproductive System
Testes, ductus deferens, penis, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes; produces gametes for new organisms.
Endocrine System
Glands that release hormones; regulates body activities.
Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood, blood vessels; pumps blood, carries O2 and nutrients to cells, removes waste.
Characteristics of Life
Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction.
Homeostasis
Physiological process maintaining internal equilibrium; examples include body temperature and blood glucose.
Feedback Loop
System controlling homeostasis; consists of Receptor, Control Center, Effector.
Receptor
Monitors changes in controlled condition and sends input to control center.
Control Center
Sets value, evaluates input, generates output commands.
Effector
Receives output and produces a response.
Negative Feedback
Reverses altered condition to return to homeostasis.
Positive Feedback
Reinforces altered condition.
Anatomical Position
Subject stands erect, facing observer, head level, eyes forward, palms out.
Dorsal Cavities
Cranial cavity and Vertebral canal.
Ventral Cavities
Thoracic cavity (pleural and pericardial) and Abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic).
Serous Membranes
Double-layered membranes associated with body cavities; do not open to exterior.
Parietal Layer
Thin epithelium lining body cavity walls.
Visceral Layer
Thin epithelium that covers and adheres to viscera (organs) within cavities
Peritoneum
Serous membrane lining abdominal cavity and organs.
Pleura
Serous membrane of pleural cavity.
Pericardium
Serous membrane of pericardial cavity.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Divided into 4 or 9 regions for organ location.
Right Hypochondriac Region
Contains gallbladder, liver, right kidney.
Right Lumbar Region
Contains cecum, ascending colon, liver, right kidney.
Right Inguinal Region
Contains appendix, cecum, small intestine.
Epigastric Region
Contains liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum.
Umbilical Region
Contains jejunum, ileum, duodenum, colon, kidneys.
Hypogastric Region
Contains urinary bladder, small intestine, reproductive organs.
Left Hypochondriac Region
Contains spleen, colon, liver, left kidney, small intestine.
Left Lumbar Region
Contains descending colon, left kidney, small intestine.
Left Inguinal Region
Contains small intestine, descending colon.
superior
toward the head, upper part of structure
inferior
away from the head, or lower part of structure
anterior
nearer to or at the front of body
posterior
nearer to or at the back of body
medial
toward midline
lateral
farther from midline
intermediate
between two structures
ipsilateral
same side of body as another structure
contralateral
on opposite side of body from another structure
proximal
nearer to attachment of limb to trunk; nearer to the origination of structure
distal
farther from the attachment of limb to trunk; farther from origination of structure
superficial
toward or on the surface of body
deep
away from surface of body
supine
body is lying face up
prone
body is face down
Note
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