Fichas de aprendizaje Social Psychology | Quizlet

Attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

cognitive dissonance

Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions

Attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

Self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

fundamental attribution error theory

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Collectivist Culture

cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes

Individualistic Culture

A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.

False Consensus Effect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Discrimination

Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

Bystander Effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Social Facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Obedience

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

Group Norms

Shared guidelines or rules for behavior that most group members follow

Social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Group Polarization

tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Foot in the door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Informational social influence

the influence of other people that results from taking their comments or actions as a source of information about what is correct, proper, or effective

Just World Phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

Social Psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

ingroup

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

outgroup

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

social trap

a situation where people take actions that have immediate rewards but lead to long-term consequences.

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Social Exchange

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs