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Level of Development
People in developed countries tend to consume more food and from different sources than do people in developing countries.
Physical Conditions
Climate influences what can be most easily grown and consumed in developing countries.
Cultural Preferences
Some food preferences and avoidances are expressions of culture rather than physical and economic factors.
Human Environment Interaction
How society and the environment behave towards one another.
Carrying Capacity
The number of people a region can reasonably support and sustain.
Food Insecurity
A household-level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food.
Food Deserts
An area where residents have limited access to affordable and nutritious food.
Food Swamp
An urban environment with few grocery stores but several non-nutritious food options.
Food Security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food.
Agriculture
The deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals.
Subsistence Agriculture
The production of food primarily for consumption by family, found in developing countries.
Labor Intensive
An industry or a process that requires a large amount of labor to produce goods.
Commercial Agriculture
The production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm.
Capital Intensive
A form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods to produce large amounts of agricultural goods.
Cash Crop
A crop that is grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use.
Extensive Agriculture/Farming Practices
Low inputs of labor and capital per unit of land, utilizing larger areas for production.
Intensive Agriculture/Farming Practices
The method of farming in which large amounts of labor and investment are used to increase yield.
Hunter Gatherers
Nomadic humans who travel in small groups and collect food daily.
First Agricultural Revolution
The slow change from hunter-gatherer societies to more agriculturally based ones.
Second Agricultural Revolution
Accompanied the industrial revolution and involved mechanization of agricultural production.
Third Agricultural Revolution/The Green Revolution
Development of higher yield crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers.
Seed Agriculture
The reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds from sexual fertilization.
Vegetative Planting
The reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants.
Agricultural Hearths
The birthplace of a crop or where a crop originated before its spread.
Indus River Valley
An ancient civilization known for its advanced urban planning and agriculture.
Southeast Asia
The geographical southeastern region of Asia consisting of various countries.
Central America
A land bridge connecting North and South American continents.
The Columbian Exchange
The transfer of plants, animals, culture, and technology between the western hemisphere and Europe.
Fertile Crescent
A crescent-shaped zone near the southeastern Mediterranean coast associated with early agriculture.
Shifting Cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture where people shift activity from one field to another.
Slash and Burn
Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning debris.
Frequent Relocation
Farmers grow crops on a field for a few years until soil nutrients are depleted.
Nomadic Herding/Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
Transhumance
The seasonal movement of livestock to regions with available grazing and water.
Ranching
A form of commercial agriculture where livestock graze over an extensive area.
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
A type of agriculture where farmers grow crops on small plots of land with high labor input.
Mixed Crop/Livestock Farming
Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock.
Plantation Agriculture
The production of one or more cash crops on a large area of land.
Tropical Climate
Characterized by warm temperatures and abundant rainfall.
Bid-Rent Theory/Curve
A theory that explains how price and demand for real estate change with distance from the CBD.
Fruit Farming (commercial/market gardening)
The predominant type of agriculture in the southeastern United States.
Double Cropping
Obtaining two harvests per year from one field.
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year.
Wet Rice
Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a flooded field.
Fishing
The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.
Aquaculture/Aquafarming
The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
Overfishing
Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce.
Agribusiness
The system of commercial farming in developed countries integrated into a large production industry.
Commercial Grain Farming
Large-scale farming practices geared towards producing crops and livestock for sale.
Monocropping
The practice of growing the same single crop year after year.
Monoculture
Deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large area.
Mediterranean Agriculture
Focuses on the production of olives, grapes, and various vegetables.
Horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers forming the base of Mediterranean farming.
Feedlot
Places where livestock are concentrated in a small area and raised for slaughter.
Dairy Farm
Specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products.
Milkshed
The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.
Terraces/Terrace Farming
Creating stepped levels on hilly or mountainous terrain for cultivation.
Irrigation
A man-made system to spread water for agricultural production.
Global System of Agriculture
The complex network of factors that shape the production and distribution of agricultural goods.
Von Thunen Model
A predictive theory in human geography about land use in relation to costs.
Local Food Movements/LOCAVORE
Advocating for the consumption of locally produced food.
Global Supply Chain
A system involved in moving a product from supplier to customer.
Economies of Scale
Cost advantages that larger firms have to lower prices and compete.
CSA (Community Supported Agriculture)
A farming model where consumers buy shares of a farm’s harvest in advance.
Value Added Specialty Crops
Agricultural products enhanced through processing to increase economic value.
Fair Trades
A concept to ensure sustainable payments for products from developing countries.
Dietary Energy Consumption
The amount of food that an individual consumes.
Clustered Distribution
A population distribution pattern where individuals are grouped closely together.
Dispersed Distribution
The spacing of people within geographic population boundaries.
Linear Distribution
A type of settlement pattern where buildings are arranged in a straight line.
Metes and Bounds
A system to define land boundaries using physical geography and directions.
Township and Range
A system based on a grid layout for land ownership and agriculture.
Long Lot
Long rectangular plot of farmland introduced by the French to give access to rivers.
Desertification
Human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desert-like condition.
Soil Salinization
The accumulation of salt in soil due to irrigation leading to infertility.
Deforestation
The destruction of forests by human or natural means.
GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)
Living organisms with novel genetic material from modern biotechnology.
Organic Farming
Farming that depends on naturally occurring substances, restricting synthetic ones.
Herbicides/Pesticides
Chemicals used to treat crops and eliminate plants that disrupt growth.
Fallow
Cultivated land not seeded for one or more growing seasons.
Multi-Cropping
Fields used several times a year without leaving fallow.
Conservation Tillage
A method of soil cultivation that reduces erosion and runoff.
No Tillage
All soil is undisturbed and previous harvest residues are left untouched.
Ridge Tillage
A planting system where crops are grown on ridge tops.
Intertillage
Tillage practiced between rows of crops.
Urban Farming
Cultivating food in or around urban areas utilizing small plots and community gardens.
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