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AP HUG Unit 5 Vocab Flashcards
Madelynn Tsai
Dr. Boren
AP Human Geography
3 February 2025
AP Human Geography Unit 5 Vocabulary
9.1 Why Do People Consume Different Foods?
Level of Development: people in developed countries tend to consume more food and from different sources than do people in developing countries
Ex. The United States is able to ship food from different areas because they are more developed.
Physical Conditions: climate is important in influencing what can be most easily grown and therefore consumed in developing countries
Example: Asians consume rice because the physical conditions allow for rice to grow.
Cultural Preferences: some food preferences and avoidances can best be explained as expressions of culture rather than the result of physical and economic factors
Example: Hindus avoid consuming beef on behalf of their religion.
Human Environment Interaction: how society and the environment behave towards one another
Example: The connections between humans and environments, how they co-exist, and interact.
Carrying Capacity: the number of people a region can reasonably support and sustain
Example: The carrying capacity of land can affect the resources provided
Food Insecurity: a household level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food
Example: Urban areas are increasingly facing food insecurity due to rapid population growth and inadequate infrastructure for sustainable food distribution.
Food Deserts: an area where residents have limited access to affordable and nutritious food, often characterized by a lack of supermarkets or grocery stores within a convenient traveling distance
Example: low-income tracts with a significant number or share of residents more than 10 miles from a supermarket or large grocery store
Food Swamp: an urban environment with few grocery stores but several non-nutritious food options such as corner stores or fast-food restaurants
Example: The goal is to reduce the availability of or exposure to less healthy foods.
Food Security: physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Example: Strengthening safety nets to ensure that vulnerable families have access to food and water.
9.2 Where Did Agriculture Originate?
Agriculture: the deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
Example: Farm production, such as producing fruits, vegetables, plants and crops.
Subsistence Agriculture: the production of food primarily for consumption by family (found in developing countries)
Example: Shifting cultivation, in which the farmers clear patches of forest land but cutting and burning trees and then crops are grown (slash and burn).
Labor Intensive: an industry or a process that requires a large amount of labor to produce its goods or services
Example: Subsistence agriculture is labor intensive.
Commercial Agriculture: the production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm (found in developed countries)
Example: Gardening on a larger scale to produce food in bulk.
Capital Intensive: a form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods, such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities, to produce large amounts of agricultural goods
Example: Commercial agriculture is capital intensive.
Cash Crop: a crop that is grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use
Example: Coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa, cotton, and sugarcane.
Extensive Agriculture/Farming Practices: low inputs of labor and capital per unit of land, utilizing larger areas for production with minimal cultivation intensity
Example: Pastoralism, the practice of raising livestock on large areas of land, often in a nomadic or semi nomadic way.
Intensive Agriculture/Farming Practices: the method of farming in which large amounts of labor and investment are used to increase the yield of land
Example: Greenhouse farming that allows for year-round production and better control over growing conditions.
Hunter Gatherers: nomadic humans who travel in small groups and collect food daily.
Example. The Hadza of Tanzania are hunter-gatherers that still exist today.
First Agricultural Revolution: the slow change from hunter and gatherer societies to more agriculturally based ones through the gradual understanding of seeds, watering, and plant care around 10,000 BC
Example: The development of crops including wheat, barley, rice and maize as well as the origin of livestock.
Second Agricultural Revolution: accompanying the industrial revolution that began in great britain in the 18th century, involved mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation development of large scale irrigation, and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods
Example: Innovations like land enclosures, newer plows, and crop rotation variations enabled a huge spike in how much food could be grown.
Third Agricultural Revolution/The Green Revolution: the development of higher yield and fast growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate problem of food supply in those regions of the globe in 1966
Example: Countries all over Asia and South America dramatically increased their yields of wheat and rice.
Seed Agriculture: the reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization
Example: Farming through planting seeds rather than simply planting a part of the parent plant.
Vegetative Planting: the reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants
Example: Invented by geographer Carl Sauer, there were two initial types of cultivation.
Agricultural Hearths: the birthplace of a crop or where a crop is known to have originated before its spread throughout the world.
Example: Indus River Valley and Southeast Asia.
Indus River Valley: an ancient civilization located in the northwestern region of South Asia that flourished around the Indus River basin from approximately 300 to 1300 BCE
Example: The civilization is known for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and social organization, which played a significant role in shaping settlement patterns in South Asia
Southeast Asia: the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania
Example: Countries of southeast asia include Myanmar, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Central America: a land bridge connecting the north and south american continents with the pacific ocean to its west and the caribbean sea to its east
Example: Countries of central america include Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.
The Columbian Exchange: the transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology between the western hemisphere and europe, as a result of european colonization and trade
Example: Christopher Columbus introduced horses, sugar plants, and disease to the New World, while facilitating the introduction of New World commodities like sugar, tobacco, chocolate and potatoes to the Old World
Fertile Crescent: area located in the crescent shaped zone near the southeastern Mediterranean coast including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey
Example: The first agricultural revolution likely began in the fertile crescent, as the ancient Mesopotamians likely used farming as the primary source of food
9.3 Where Is Agriculture Distributed?
Shifting Cultivation: a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period
Example: Frequent location, where farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted and then leave it fallow for many years so the soil can recover
Slash and Burn: farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris; shifting cultivation is sometimes called slash and burn agriculture
Example: Crops such as rice, maize, cassava, and other staples go through slash and burn agriculture.
Frequent Relocation: farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted and then leave it fallow (with nothing planted) for many years so the soil can recover
Example: People generally live in small villages and grow food on surrounding land, which the village controls.
Nomadic Herding/Pastoral Nomadism: a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
Example: The pastoral nomads of the Tibetan Plateau herd goats, sheep, and yaks, moving them from pace to place with the changing of the seasons
Transhumance: the seasonal movement of livestock along routes to regions with available grazing land and water sources
Example: Occurs in dry arid regions where growing crops is not possible or inefficient such as the Sahara, Central Asia, and the Middle East
Ranching: a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
Example: The interior of Australia was opened for grazing in the nineteenth century although sheep are more common than cattle.
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: a type of agriculture where farmers grow crops on small plots of land with high levels of labor and inputs to maximize yields
Example: Ranching, pastoral nomads, and shifting cultivation.
Mixed Crop/Livestock Farming: commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans
Example: Grazing livestock on crop residue, cover crops or weeds, applying manure produced on farm, and feeding crops grown on farm to livestock.
Plantation Agriculture: the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swath of land
Example: Most common in tropical climates, such as the production of cotton, sugar, tobacco, and rubber.
Tropical Climate: characterized by warm temperatures and abundant rainfall
Example: Include tropical rainforests, tropical monsoon climate, and tropical savanna that focus on the production of coffee, sugar, and pineapple
Bid-Rent Theory/Curve: a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases
Example: States that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center.
Plantation Agriculture: the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swath of land
Example: Most common in tropical climates, such as the production of cotton, sugar, tobacco, and rubber.
Livestock Ranching: a type of commercial farming in which the livestock (usually cattle) is allowed to roam over an established area.
Example: The drylands of western North America, southeastern Latin America, Central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the South Pacific
Fruit Farming (commercial/market gardening): the predominant type of agriculture in the southeastern United States. gardening on a larger scale to produce food in bulk
Example: This region has a long growing season and humid climate and it is accessible to the large number of consumers in the northeast United States
Double Cropping: land is used intensively in parts of Asia by obtaining two harvests per year from one field
Example: Double cropping involves alternating between wet rice, grown in the summer when precipitation is higher, and wheat, barley or another dry crop, grown in the drier winter season.
Crop Rotation: the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.
Example: In colder climates, wheat or another crop is planted in the spring and harvested in the fall, but no crops can be sown through the winter.
Wet Rice: rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.
Example: Wet rice occupies a relatively small percentage of Asia’s agricultural land but is the region’s most important source of food.
Fishing: the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters
Example: A salmon farm in Scotland and a kelp farm in southern California.
Aquaculture/Aquafarming: the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
Example: A salmon farm in which the salmon are reared and harvested in a controlled environment.
Overfishing: the capturing of fish faster than they can reproduce
Example: Overfishing has been particularly acute in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and has reduced the population of tuna and swordfish by 90 percent in the past half century.
Agribusiness: the system of commercial farming in developed countries because farming is integrated into a large food production industry.
Example: Farmers account for less than 2 percent of the US labor force but around 20 percent of US laborers work in food production and services related to agribusiness- food processing, packaging, storage, distribution, and retailing.
Commercial Grain Farming: large-scale farming practices that are primarily geared towards producing crops and livestock for sale in the marketplace rather than for personal consumption.
Example: Growing grain at a large scale.
Monocropping: the practice of growing the same single crop year after year
Example: Popular crops that are monocropped include maize, soybeans, and wheat.
Monoculture: deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area
Example: Japan, South Korea, and North Korea are examples of countries with monoculturalism.
Mediterranean Agriculture: primarily focuses on the production of olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and various vegetables due to the region's climate
Example: lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, the Western United States, the southern tip of Africa, and Chile
Horticulture: the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers–and tree crops form the commercial base of Mediterranean farming
Example: Cereals, pulses, roots, and tubers, sugar crops, some oilseed crops, vegetable crops and some crops to feed animals (fodder).
Feedlot: places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing
Example: Beef cattle fatten in a feedlot in Durango, Mexico
Dairy Farm: specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products
Example: Because milk is highly perishable, dairy farms must be closer to their markets than other products.
Milkshed: the ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
Example: A milkshed could be 100 miles around a city.
Terraces/Terrace Farming: an agricultural practice that involves creating stepped levels on hilly or mountainous terrain to cultivate crops
Example: The Incas in South America and the Cordilleras tribes in the Philippines.
Irrigation: a man made system whereby water is spread from its natural source (such as a lake or river) over a much larger geographic range to aid in agricultural production
Example: A “sawah” is an irrigated, or flooded field used to grow rice.
Global System of Agriculture: the complex network, economic, social, and environmental factors that shape the production, distribution, and consumption of agricultural goods around the world
Example: Encompasses various aspects such as technological advancements, global supply chains, and the impact of cultural practices on farming methods.
Von Thunen Model: a predictive theory in human geography that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market
Example: A farmer who grows high value crops such as vegetables or fruit may choose to locate their farm closer to the market in order to take advantage of the higher prices and lower transportation costs
Local Food Movements/LOCAVORE: advocating for the consumption of food produced close to where it is consumed, emphasizing sustainability, community engagement, and support for local economies
Example: Farmers markets where farmers sell their products directly to consumers, promoting fresh produce and local economic support.
Global Supply Chain: a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer
Example: A company in the United States decides to produce a new type of smartphone and uses raw materials such as metals and plastics from suppliers around the world.
Economies of Scale: provide larger firms with a significant cost advantage, allowing them to lower prices and incomplete smaller businesses
Example: Costco and Walmart, which are larger companies that produce goods at a lower average cost and can also invest in marketing and innovation, further strengthening their market position.
CSA (Community Supported Agriculture): a farming model where consumers buy shares of a farm’s harvest in advance
Example: The new “Farm Markets” of upstate New York take orders online and have a number of farmers who send that week’s orders to a central point in a limited region, for distribution by the organizers.
Value Added Speciality Crops: agricultural products that are enhanced through processing, packing, or marketing to increase their economic value beyond the product
Example: Organic fruits, gourmet vegetables, or artisanal products that cater to specific consumer demands.
Fair Trades: a concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability; producers, farmers, and craftspeople are paid for their products, and workers get fair wages
Example: A way of paying farmers for tea and sugar in developing countries, which are their products.
. Dietary Energy Consumption: the amount of food that an individual consumes
Example: On a typical day an adult might consume 1200 grams of food with an overall energy density of 1.8 kcal/g giving an energy intake of 2160 kcal.
9.4 Why Do Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges?
Clustered Distribution: a pattern of population distribution where individuals or groups are grouped closely together in an area rather than being evenly dispersed
Example: When houses are built very close together and the houses are smaller.
Dispersed Distribution: the spacing of people within geographic population boundaries
Example: An area that has houses that are further apart and have larger lots and more land from one house to the next.
Linear Distribution: a type of settlement pattern where buildings and homes are arranged in a straight line, often along a river or other linear feature
Example: Roads, rail lines, water pipelines, river, contour, and faults.
Metes and Bounds: a system which uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels
Example: Thence North 89 degrees, 9 minutes, 47 seconds west, a distance of 147.33 feet (the metes) and southerly line of property now or formerly owned by John Smith (the bounds).
Township and Range: a system based on a grid layout, which helps to facilitate land ownership, agriculture, and urban planning; used in the public domain states to identify and locate a parcel of land
Example: Township North, Range 9 West, 5th Principal Meridian.
Long Lot: long rectangular plot of farmland to give equal access to the river
Example: The French introduced a unit of land division, known as the arpent or long lot system to Louisiana during the 18th century and since then residents along the waterways of coastal Louisiana have adapted this original mode of settlement to suit the changing environmental and social landscape of the region.
Desertification*: human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition
Example: The capacity of the Sahel to sustain human life–never very high–has declined recently because of population growth and several years of unusually low rainfall
Soil Salinization*: when soil in an arid climate has been made available for agricultural production using irrigation, water evaporates quickly off the newly irrigated land, leaving residues of salt lying in the earth, causing the land to become infertile
Ex. The water evaporates quickly off the newly irrigated land, leaving residues of salt lying in the earth.
Deforestation: the destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means
Example: When a fire sweeps through the landscape or the forest is clear cut to make way for an oil palm plantation
GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms): a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology
Example: Popular gmo varieties include potatoes, summer squash, apples, papayas, and pink pineapples.
Organic Farming: farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones
Example: Organic fruits and vegetables in county antrim, United Kingdom.
Herbicides/Pesticides: chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any plants that might cause a disruption in the growth of the desired product
Example: Strawberries are the #1 fruit with the most amount of pesticides.
Fallow: cultivated land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons
Example: Forest fallow is when fields are cleared and utilized for up to 2 years and left fallow for more than 20 years, long enough for the forest to grow back.
Multi-Cropping: fields are used several times a year and never left fallow.
Example: One of the basic stages in the reduction of fallow farmland.
Conservation Tillage: a method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff
Example: Under conservation tillage, some or all of the previous harvest is left on the fields through the winter.
No Tillage: all of the soil is undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous years harvest is left untouched on the fields
Example: Planting winter grains, crimson clover, or hairy vetch in the fall and cutting them before flowering to grow summer vegetables or mid-season brassicas in the cover crop mulch.
Ridge Tillage: a system of planting crops on ridge tops.
Example: Crops are planted on 10- to 20-centimeter ridges that are formed during cultivation or after harvest.
Intertillage: tillage between rows of crops of plants
Example: Practice is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil too poor to support crops.
Urban Farming: the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas, often utilizing small plots of land, rooftops, and community gardens
Example: Hydroponic, aeroponic, and aquaponic facilities as well as vertical production.
NoteStudied by 34 peopleNoteStudied by 20 peopleNoteStudied by 13 peopleNoteStudied by 13 peopleNoteStudied by 10 peopleNoteStudied by 18952 people