Their blood cells can be used to quantify and detect bacterial endotoxins, used to check for contamination in vaccines
Clinical applications in horseshoe crabs
Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL)
Aspect of horseshoe crab blood cells that detect contamination
Ecdysozoan
Group of animals that shed a cuticle via ecdysis, consist of nematodes and arthropods
Cuticle
Tough external coat
Ecdysis
Molting
Phylum Nematoda
Most ubiquitous of all animals; covered by cuticle and has a hemocoel, doesn’t have a circulatory system
Ubiquitous
Found everywhere
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)
Well-studied model organism in biological research, roundworm
Trichinella spiralis
Roundworm that causes trichinosis, obtained through raw/undercooked meat; worm forces muscle tissue to become more elastic and produce more blood vessels
Phylum Arthropoda
Most successful animal phyla, consist of arthropods; have body covered entirely by cuticle made of chitin (exoskeleton)
Arthropod
segmented Ecdysozoan with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Chitin
Chain of proteins utilized by arthropods to form their cuticle
Caveats of exoskeleton
It prevents growth and ecdysis of it is energetically expensive and leaves organisms vulnerable
Closed Circulatory system
Circulatory system where blood is contained in vessels and has a predetermined path
Open Circulatory system
Circulatory system where blood flows and mixes freely throughout the body, not conducted through vessels
Hemolymph
Analogous to human blood, utilized in open circulatory systems
Hemocoel
Body cavity that surrounds tissues and organs
Clade Chelicerata
Lower classification of Phylum Arthropoda; consist of organisms that have chelicerae and lack antennae
Chelicerae
Claw like feeding appendages that serve as pincers or fangs
Eurypterids
Earliest species of Chelicerata, sea scorpions
Arachnids
Bulk of Chelicerata, have 6 pairs appendages, chelicerae, and pedipalps; spiders and scorpions
Pedipalps
Specialized limbs utilized in sensing, feeding, defense, and reproduction
Spinnerets
Specialized organ that makes silk
Clade Myriapoda
Lower classification of Arthropoda; Millipedes and centipedes, all are terrestrial; have a pair of antennae and 2 pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts
Millipede
“Thousand” legs, eat decaying leaves and plant matter; friendly :)
Centipede
“Hundred” legs, carnivores with poison claws; not friendly :(
Carnivore
Organism that consumes other living organisms (not plants)
Clade Pancrustacea
Lower classification of Arthropoda “all” crustacea; consist of crustaceans and insects
Isopod
Largest group of clade pancrustacea, morphologically diverse with flattened body; Pill bug!
Decapod
Group of Pancrustacea; ten legs and cuticles made of calcium carbonate, most are marine, crabs!
Copepod
Group of pancrustacea; Small crustaceans found in nearly all fresh/saltwater habitats, most numerous; krill!
Barnacles
Group of pancrustacea; Sessile with cuticle of calcium carbonate forming a shell, anchor to stationary marine structures and feed through extending appendages
Dorsal
Top side of thorax
Thorax
Area of an insects body between the head and abdomen
Incomplete metamorphosis
Young resemble adults but smaller and lacking wings, multiple molts to achieve adult size
Complete metamorphosis
Consist of larval stages specialized to feeding and growing and different looking adult stages dedicated to dispersal and reproduction
African sleeping sickness
Sickness caused by organism carried by flies
Tsetse fly
Fly that carries Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma spp.
Organism that causes African sleeping sickness
Malaria
Disease carried by mosquitoes
Mosquito
Insect that carries Malaria
Plasmodium spp
Organism that causes malaria
Thomas Eisner
Who said “Bugs are not going to inherit the earth. They own it now. So, we might as well make peace with the landlord”?
They are huge pollinators and food source for other organisms
What are some of the reasons that we should care about insects
They compete with us for food and cause disease
What are some of the reasons that we should not care about insects
Arthropoda
What is the most diverse phylum on planet earth
Mollusca
What is the second most diverse phylum on planet earth