Advanced Biology 4th Nine Weeks Study Guide

Matching key terms to definitions, genetics problems, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

What is a zygote?

A fertilized egg cell.

What is an allele?

A variant form of a gene.

What is an autosome?

A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

What is codominance?

A form of inheritance in which both alleles are equally expressed.

What is a dominant allele?

An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele.

What does heterozygous mean?

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

What does homozygous mean?

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

What is a genotype?

The genetic makeup of an organism.

What is a phenotype?

The observable characteristics of an organism.

What is a recessive allele?

An allele that is masked by a dominant allele.

What is a testcross?

A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.

What is adaptation?

A trait that enhances an organism's survival and reproduction in its environment.

What does analogous mean?

Having similar function but different evolutionary origin.

What is adaptive radiation?

The diversification of a group of organisms into different ecological niches.

What is artificial selection?

The selective breeding of organisms by humans for desired traits.

What is convergent evolution?

The independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages.

What is evolution?

The change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.

What is fitness?

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A principle stating that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

What is macroevolution?

Evolution on a large scale, encompassing the origin of new taxonomic groups.

What is microevolution?

Evolution on a small scale, encompassing changes in allele frequencies within a population.

What is natural selection?

The process by which organisms with traits that better enable them to adapt to their environment tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than others of their species.

What is a postzygotic isolating mechanism?

A mechanism that prevents the formation of fertile offspring after a hybrid zygote has formed.

What is a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

A mechanism that prevents mating or fertilization from occurring.

What is a transitional fossil?

A fossil that exhibits traits of both ancestral and derived forms.

What is the complementary strand of ATTGACG?

TAACTGC

AA and PP are?

Homozygous dominant

Women with X-linked disorders always pass the genes for the disorder to…

both her daughters and sons while men with X-linked disorders always pass the genes for the disorder to only his daughters

Who is the father of genetics?

Gregor Mendel

In plants, purple (P) is dominant to white (p). Perform the following cross: Pp x Pp. What is the probability of producing a white plant?

25%

This process causes the DNA molecule to release from the histone proteins making it available for transcription essentially turning the gene on.

Acetylation

In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (H"H') offspring of red (H"H") and white (H" H") hamozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red: 2 roan : 1 white?

roan x roan

After examining this pedigree for Hemophilia, you can state that that this pedigree is?

x-linked disorder

Predict the genotype for #7

aa

A heterozygous hairy guinea pig is crossed with a skinny pig. What is the expected genotype ratio?

2:20

If a woman is a carrier for the color-blind recessive allele, and her husband is normal, what are their chances that a son will be color-blind?

50%, because the mother is the only carrier.

Which of the following conditions is not required for a population to be considered in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

Small Population Size

Over many generations man has chosen certain desirable characteristics in dogs by allowing dogs possessing those characteristics to reproduce. In this way, 150 breeds of dogs, all in the same species, have descended from wolves. This process is referred to as?

artificial selection.

All the members of a single species that occupy a particular area at the same time are known as a?

population.

Which of the following would change the allele frequencies of a population?

All of the above would change allele frequencies of a population.

What is the most plausible explanation for why the male of most bird species have elaborate plumage and mating rituals?

Sexual selection

In the case of the peppered moths in England, when Kettlewell set up cameras to document that more white or black moths were eaten by birds on clean or sooty trees, he was verifying which factor involved in evolution by natural selection?

Some individuals are better adapted to a particular environment than other individuals.

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?

check the document

Based on figure 1A above what organism would be more closely related to Bobidae?

Cervidae

Which of the following communities is likely to be most stable?

One with high species diversity