CFI FOI

What is the definition of Human Behavior?

The product of factors that cause people to act in predictable ways.

What are the basic human needs?
and how are they important to the instructor-student relationship?

Physical- can't concentrate
Security- can't concentrate
Belonging- out of normal surrounding, more need for
Self-esteem- results in self-confidence, ..., knowledge
Cognitive- control what is going on around them
Aesthetic- he or she simply likes it
Self-actualization- achieve potential greatest challenge

What are defense mechanisms?

Subconscious ego-protecting reactions to unpleasant situations.

What are the 8 common defense mechanisms that may apply to students?
DR FDR CPR

Denial
Repression

Fantasy
Displacement
Reaction Formation

Compensation
Projections
Rationalization

Explain the defense mechanism of Denial

A refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening. Denial is the refusal to acknowledge what has happened, is happening, or will happen.

Explain the defense mechanism of Repression

A person places uncomfortable thoughts into inaccessible areas of the unconscious mind.

Explain the defense mechanism of Fantasy

A student engages in daydreaming about how things should be rather than doing anything about how things are.

Explain the defense mechanism of Displacement

An unconscious shift of emotion, affect, or desire from the original object to a more acceptable, less-threatening substitute. Kicking the dog or taking it out on a spouse.

Explain the defense mechanism of Reaction Formation

Faking a belief opposite to the true belief opposite the true belief because the true belief causes anxiety.

Explain the defense mechanism of Compensation

Students often attempt to disguise the presence of a weak or undesirable quality by emphasizing a more positive one.

Explain the defense mechanism of Projection

Students may relegate the blame for their own short-comings and mistakes to others or attribute their motives, desires, and characteristics to others.

Explain the defense mechanism of Rationalization

Justifying actions that otherwise would be unacceptable; the substitution of excuses for reasons.

What are the 3 basic elements of communication?

Source- speaker, writer, or instructor
Symbols- works or signs
Receiver- listener, reader, or student

What are the three characteristics of receivers that instructors must understand in order to effectively communicate with their students?

Experiences- student experience, background and education level determine the approach an instructor takes.
Abilities- an instructor needs to determine the abilities of the student in order to properly communicate
Attitudes- The attitudes that students exhibit may indicate resistance, willingness, or passive neutrality

What are the barriers to effective communication?

Confusion between the symbol and the symbolized object
Overuse of abstractions
Interference
Lack of common experience

How can flight instructors develop their instructional communication skills?

Role Playing
Instructional Communication: Organize your thoughts, don't word vomit
Listening
Questioning: to be sure they understand
Instructional Enhancement: learn better what you're teaching

What is the definition of the term "Learning Theory"?

How people acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes.

How can you tell if your student has "learned" what you have taught?
What is the definition of learning?

Change in behavior of the learner as a result of experience.

Modern learning theory grew out of two concepts of how people learn. What are they?

Behaviorism: reinforcement of desired behaviors by someone other than the student to shape or control what is learned.
Cognitive Theory: What is going on inside the student's mind.
"Combination Theory"

Why are perceptions so important to learning?

Initially, all learning comes from perceptions.

What factors affect perceptions?

Physical Organism: 5 senses
Goals and Values: experiences sensations are colored by individual's G&V
Self-concept
Time and Opportunity: new learning depends on previous learning
Element of Threat: Fear adversely affects perception by narrowing the perceptual field.

Define insight

Grouping of perceptions into meaningful wholes.

How does a student acquire knowledge (3 phases)?

Memorization
Understanding
Application

How can instructor help students in acquiring knowledge?

Have students practice. Ask questions to be sure they understand. Present opportunities to solve problems or make decisions. Test the limits of their knowledge. Show benefits of understanding and apply knowledge. Introduce new topics as they support, whenever possible.

What are the principles (laws) of learning?

Readyness
Eexercise
Effect
Primacy
Intensity
Recency

What are the three domains of learning?

C- Cognitive
A- Affective
P- Psychomotor

What are the four basic levels of learning?

Rote
Understanding
Application
Correlation

What are the characteristics of learning?

Purposeful
Experience
Multifaceted
Active process

What are the three stages of acquiring skill knowledge?

Cognitive
Associative
Automatic Response Stage

What are two kinds of errors?

Slip: plan to do one thing but inadvertently does something else
Mistake: plans to do the wrong thing and is successful

How can a student make errors be a valuable learning resource?

Ask the student why the error happened, and what could have been done to prevent it. Be careful not to let students practice the wrong thing.

Define "memory"

The ability of people to encode, store, and retrieve information.

What are the three types of memory?

Sensory: input from the environment, information is then sent to short-term
Short-term: stored briefly (30 seconds), fades or is consolidated in long-term
Long-term: relatively permanent storage of unlimited information

What are threats to remembering what has been learned during training?

Lack of practice
Lack of Understanding

Why do students forget information?

Fading
Interference
Repression or suppression
Retrieval failure

What principles facilitate retention of learning or remembering?

Praise
Association
Attitudes
Senses
Repetition

Explain the four basic steps involved in the teaching process.

Preparation-
Presentation-
Application-
Review and Evaluation-

What are the two types of training objectives used in aviation training?

Performance-based objectives: defines what needs to be done and how it will be done.
Decision-based objectives: teach critical thinking skills such as risk management and ADM.

What are the five essential phases of the demonstration-performance method of teaching?

Explanation
Demonstration
Student performance
Instructor supervision
Evaluation

Define "Assessment"

The process of gathering measurable information to meet evaluation needs.

Why is an effective assessment an important component in the teaching and learning process?

-Provides instructor and student with information on how well the student is progressing
-Provides feedback to the student with direction and guidance on how to improve performance
-Highlighting areas in which a student's performance in incorrect or inadequate

What are the general characteristics of an effective assessment?

Flexible
Acceptable
Thoughtful
Comprehensive
Constructive
Objective
Well Organized
Specific

Two broad categories of assessment

Traditional assessment- Rote and Understanding
Authentic assessment- critical thinking skills

What is one of the most common forms of assessment?

Direct or indirect oral questioning.
Fact: who, what, when, where
HOTS: why or how (combine knowledge with ability to analyze situations, solve problems, and arrive at conclusions.)

Effective oral assessment should never include what types of questions?

Puzzle: many subparts
Oversize: too general, wide subject area
Toss-up: more than one right answer
Bewilderment: unclear content
Irrelevant: unrelated to topic of discussion
Trick: battle of wits with instructor

Characteristics of an effective critique

Considers good and bad performance
The individual parts
Relationships of the individual parts
and overall performance
May be oral, written, or both
Should come immediately after student's performance

Name several useful methods of critique of a student's performance

Instructor/Student Critique
Student-led Critique
Small Group Critique
Individual Student Critique by Anther Student
Self-Critique
Written Critique

What are the five main responsibilities of all flight instructors with regards to the learning process?

Help Students Learn- Make it interesting
Provide adequate instruction-
Demand adequate standards of performance-
Emphasize the positive-
Ensure Aviation safety-

What additional responsibilities do flight instructors have?

Evaluation of student pilot ability
Pilot supervision
Practical test recommendations
Flight instructor endorsements
Additional training and endorsements
Pilot proficiency
Responsibility to see and avoid
*Student's pre-solo flight thought process

Why is it important to use standards of performance when training students?

Measurement against standards is key to helping students learn. Meeting standards holds its own satisfaction for students. People want to feel capable and they are proud of the successful achievement of difficult goals.

How can an instructor ensure that an adequate level of instruction is provided to a student?

Get to know them, then tailor teaching techniques to the student by first analyzing the student's personality, thinking, and ability.

When should the PTS be introduced during flight training?

Keep the PTS in perspective, with emphasis on the PTS increasing later in training.
The PTS is a testing document, not a teaching document

How can an instructor minimize student frustrations during training?

Motivate Students- gain more if they want to learn than forced to learn
Keep Students Informed- what is expected of them and from you
Approach students as individuals- different personalities
Give credit when due- praise from instructor is intensive to do better
Criticize Constructively- explain how to correct mistakes
Be consistent-
Admit Errors- nobody expects instructors to be perfect

To teach effectively, why must an instructor make sure that a student's physiological needs are met first?

Instructors cannot ignore negative factors, nor should they ridicule students who are adversely affected. These negative sensations can usually be overcome by understanding the nature of their causes. A sick student does not learn well.

Professionalism can be achieved by practicing certain characteristics when teaching a student. What are some of those characteristics?

Sincerity- straightforward and honest
Acceptance of the student
Personal appearance and habits
Demeanor
Proper Language- profane/obscene language leads to distrust and lack of confidence in instructor

When evaluating a student's ability to perform a maneuver or procedure, an instructor should follow what general guidelines?

-Establish standards of performance suitable to the students stage of development
-Consideration of the student's mastery of the elements involved in the maneuver or procedure, rather than merely the overall performance.
-Keeping the student informed of their progress
-Not immediately correcting student errors

How do you know that a student is ready to solo?

Consistent performance.
When the instructor observes the student from preflight to engine start to engine shutdown, and the student performs consistently, without the need for instructor assistance.

How can instructors improve upon their effectiveness and qualifications as teachers?

Continuing education
Sources of material

What are the two main reasons why an instructor should maintain a source of current information and publications?

-To make instruction interesting and up to date
-To stay well-informed and current

What are some obstacles to learning during flight instruction?

-Feeling of unfair treatment
-Impatience to proceed to more interesting operations
-Worry or lack of interest
-Physical discomfort, illness, fatigue and dehydration
-Apathy due to inadequate instruction
-Anxiety

What is the "sterile cockpit rule"?

14 CFR 121.542
Crew-members are to refrain from nonessential activities during critical phases of flight including: ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing and all other operations below 10,000' except cruise flight.

Define: Integrated flight instruction

students are taught to perform flight maneuvers by reference to both instruments and outside visual references from the time a maneuver is first introduced

What are different methods a flight instructor can use to assess piloting ability?

Review
Collaborative assessment
Written tests
Performance-based tests

Define: Aeronautical Decision Making

A systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.

What are the basic steps to the decision making process?

Define the problem
Choose a course of action
Implement the decision
Evaluate the outcome

DECIDE Model

Detect a change needing attention
Estimate the need to counter or react to the change
Choose the most desirable outcome for the flight
Identify actions to successfully control the change
Do something to adapt to the change
Evaluate the effect of the action countering the change

3P Model

Perceive the given set of circumstances for a flight.
Pilot
Aircraft
enVironment
External pressures
Process by evaluating their impact on flight safety.
Consequences of each hazard
Alternaties available
Reality of the situation
External pressures
Perform by implementing the best course of action.
Transfer decision to someone else?
Eliminate the hazard?
Accept: benifits out weigh the costs?
Mitigate risk

What are three types of stressors that can affect pilot performance?

Physical:conditions association with the environment, temp, noise, vibration, lack of oxygen, etc.
Physiological: fatigue, sleep loss, missed meals
Psychological: social or emotional or mental workload.

What is risk management?

A decision making process designed to identify hazards systematically,
assess the degree of risk,
and determine the best course of action.

What is the risk management process?

Identify operational hazards and takes reasonable measures to reduce risk to personnel, equipment, and mission.

How is the level of risk posed by a given hazard measured?

In terms of severity (extent of possible loss) and the probability (likelihood that a hazard will cause a loss).

How can the use of the "PAVE" checklist during flight planning help a pilot to assess and mitigate risk?

A simple way to remember each category to examine for risk during flight planning.
Pilot-In-Command: IMSAFE
Aircraft
EnVironment: weather, terrain, airports
External pressures: meetings, people waiting,

IMSAFE

Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Eating

SRM or Single Pilot Resource Management

art and science of managing all the resources available to a single pilot to ensure the successful outcome of the flight.

Five P model

Plan
Plane
Pilot
Passengers
Programming

Physiological needs

Need for air, food, water, and bodily maintenance

Security needs

The need to feel safe/ secure. If one does not feel safe they cannot learn.

Belonging needs

The student must feel welcome and feel like they belong there.

Esteem needs

High esteem- internal: self confidence, independence.
External: social approval from others
Low esteem- internal: inferior, weak, helpless, worthless.
External: life problems, lack of social recognition/approval

Cognitive needs

Need to know and understand.

Aesthetic needs

Direct connection to emotions. The need to "like" it.

Self actualization needs

The need to be and do what be person was "born to do"
People will be problem focused. Have appreciation of life. Be concerned about personal growth. Ability to have peak experiences.

Theory X

People have and inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible.
People must be coerced, controlled , directed or threatened with punishments in order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives.
People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no ambition.
People seek security above all else.

Theory Y

Work is as natural as play and rest.
People will exercise self direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are not lazy).
Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement.
People learn to accept and seek responsibility.
Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem.
People have potential.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

-Self Actualization
-Self-esteem
-Love and Belongingness
-Safety and Security
-Physiological needs: Air, Water, Food, Shelter, Sleep, Sex

Anxiety

Feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something happening or about to happen.
Counter it by- Reinforcing the joy of flying
-teach them to cope with fear
-help plan what to expect
-educate them

Teaching the adult student

Characteristics:
-Motivated, they seek out learning for use of the skill.
-Motivated to cope with everyday life or events.
-Goal oriented
-Focused on most useful aspects
-Adults want to apply new knowledge immediately

Instructor actions:
-Provide organized clear syllabus
-Integrate new ideas to new information
-Recognize student's need to set pace and time
-Use Scenario based training to facilitate self-direction
-Use books, computers and other materials
-Refrain from "spoon feeding" the student
-Set a cooperative learning climate.

Scenario Based Training

Training method that uses highly structured script of real world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment.

Barriers to effective communication

Lack of common experience- Likely the greatest barrier to effective communication. Communication can only be effective to the extent that the experiences of the 2 are similar.
Confusion between the symbol and the symbolized object- results when a word is confused with what it is mean to represent. Clarifying definitions of terms can help to alleviate this issue.
Overuse of abstractions- words that are general rather than specific. Example "Aircraft" can mean many things.
Interference- is the prevention of a process or activity from being carried out properly. 3 types are Physiological, environmental and psychological. Or biological problems, external conditions and emotional state respectively.