AP Euro Unit 5

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The Scientific Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries created

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1

The Scientific Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries created

massive political and social change in Europe

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Who dominated trade in the 16th century

portuguese (also Spain)

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During the 15th-16th centuries

Portugal and Spain were rivals as they colonized every single land mass in existence

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17th century

English and the Dutch waged constant war

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1689- William of Orange and William III allied themselves

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Factors that influenced commercial rivalries

The worldwide growth of trade and mercantilism

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The domination of industrial power

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Rise in need for new markets

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reliance on the use of African labor

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Build up of British/French navies to control the sea

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Declining naval domination of Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands

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why did protugal fall?

1580s, Spain controlled them

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1640- Regained independence, but lost most of their colonial possessions

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French India company

Progress was slowed by the British East India company

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In 1769, it lost monopoly and then ended during the French Revolution

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most important British-Indian trading centers

Madras and Bombay

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when did britian colonize india

In 1763, the seven wars war gave the British control of India

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They used india to boost economic prosperity, but devastated the country

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England v. Dutch Republic

17th Century

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Rivalry resulted in 3 wars from 1652-1674 (Anglo-Dutch Wars) which resulted in rivalries over trade routes and overseas colonies

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Came to an end in 1689 when William of Orange (Dutch) became King William III of England during the Glorious Rev.

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Britain v. France

1701-1763 - Seaborne rivalry

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Rivalry over control of North America, Caribbean, Africa, India and Eastern Asia

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War of Austrian Succession

France controlled Madras (Chennai)

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Peace Treaty at the end of war gave Madras to Britain

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when did the VOC collapse

1799 VOC collapsed b/c of British competition

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Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

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collapse led to armed conflict between Britain and France

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England and Scotland were ruled by the Stuart monarchs for over 100 years until

they were united into a single kingdom

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Last Stuart monarch

Queen Anne

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Acts of Union

England and Scotland and transferred power to a protestant monarch (1607)

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This avoided issues with power balances that destroyed Spain

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1688 French army

France had the strongest army in Europe

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The navy was larger than england and dutch

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When Austria was battling the Ottoman, Louis XIV invaded

the Rhinelands

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William of Orange was his primary adversary (and William III)

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The War of the Grand Alliance stopped France from taking land, but not rivalries

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Rivalries erupt once again during the War of Spanish Succession

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After the Glorious Revolution

Mary's sister Anne took the throne

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Passed to Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of James I)

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Passed to her only son, George I

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War of the Austrian Succession

Charles IV died in 1740 with no male heir. Maria Theresa ruled.

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Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Habsburgs, starting the war

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France, Bavaria, and Spain sided with Prussia

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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle concluded the war and Fredrick the Great recognized Maria Theresa's husband as Holy Roman Emperor.

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The Seven Years War

Austria wanted to regain Silesia which was lost to Prussia during the war of succession

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France and Austria (diplomatic revolution), Russia, Saxony, Sweden vs Prussia, England

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Britain and France fought over Hanover, but British navy won over India

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British and French Rivalries in North America

Britain won the French and Indian war in 1763 with the treaty of Paris

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Britain received land east of the Mississippi and Canada

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Britain got Florida

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Spain got Louisiana and French territory West of the Mississippi

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France kept its sugar islands

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During the American Revolution, colonists allied themselves with France

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New democracies caused chaos in Europe

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Treaty of Utrecht

France, The Netherlands, and Spain all were worsened economically following the war of Spanish succession

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War of the Grand Alliance

also called War of the League of Augsburg**

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1695 the French war effort was weakened by the death of their undefeated general, the Duke de Luxembourg

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Treaty of Rijswijk brought no resolution to conflict. Did not end rivalries

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The American Revolution

1775-1783

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British vs. Colonists/French

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Ben Franklin negotiates to keep Spain out of the War and prevent European powers from entering into secret alliances with Britain

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French naval success at Yorktown - British surrendered in 1781

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The French and Indian War

1754-1763

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Britain and colonists try to counter French Expansion along western frontier of the Ohio River Valley

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British/Colonists vs. French/Natives

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Ended by Treaty of Paris (1763)

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Britain received all lands east of Mississippi river and Canada

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Britain received Florida from Spain

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Spain gets Louisiana and French lands west of Mississippi

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France keeps Haiti in Caribbean

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Major causes of the French Revolution

The Enlightenment

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Class conflict

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Economic problems

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Weakness of Louis XVI

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How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?

More literate public—public opinion develops (unfavorable to monarchy)

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Gather in salons to discuss new ideas

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Newspapers, books & pamphlets circulate

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Libel & satire against king and queen

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Radical writings of discontented "Grub Street" writers unable to break in to the "high enlightenment"

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Ex. John Paul Marat

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Emphasis on reason—begin to question the church & the king's divine right & infallibility

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Locke

natural rights: life, liberty & property; right to overthrow oppressive government

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Voltaire

urges France to emulate British political system; religious toleration; freedom of speech

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Rousseau

Social Contract; republic; separate spheres; men are born good & corrupted by society

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Montesquieu

3 branches of government

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Abbe Sieyes

"What is the Third Estate?"

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What is the Third Estate?

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EVERYTHING

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What has it been hitherto in politics?

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NOTHING

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What does it ask?

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TO BECOME SOMETHING....

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a French Roman Catholic abbé, clergyman, and political writer who was the chief political theorist of the French Revolution; he also held offices in the governments of the French Consulate and the First French Empire

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Economic problems that caused the French Rev.

Deeply in debt due to Seven Years' War and American Revolution

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Parlements (royal courts dominated by the nobility) prevented the king from taxing the nobles

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Bad Harvests led to food shortages & general unrest among urban poor

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  • France is a wealthy country with an impoverished government

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Jacques Necker

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