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The Scientific Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries created
massive political and social change in Europe
Who dominated trade in the 16th century
portuguese (also Spain)
During the 15th-16th centuries
Portugal and Spain were rivals as they colonized every single land mass in existence
17th century
English and the Dutch waged constant war
1689- William of Orange and William III allied themselves
Factors that influenced commercial rivalries
The worldwide growth of trade and mercantilism
The domination of industrial power
Rise in need for new markets
reliance on the use of African labor
Build up of British/French navies to control the sea
Declining naval domination of Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands
why did protugal fall?
1580s, Spain controlled them
1640- Regained independence, but lost most of their colonial possessions
French India company
Progress was slowed by the British East India company
In 1769, it lost monopoly and then ended during the French Revolution
most important British-Indian trading centers
Madras and Bombay
when did britian colonize india
In 1763, the seven wars war gave the British control of India
They used india to boost economic prosperity, but devastated the country
England v. Dutch Republic
17th Century
Rivalry resulted in 3 wars from 1652-1674 (Anglo-Dutch Wars) which resulted in rivalries over trade routes and overseas colonies
Came to an end in 1689 when William of Orange (Dutch) became King William III of England during the Glorious Rev.
Britain v. France
1701-1763 - Seaborne rivalry
Rivalry over control of North America, Caribbean, Africa, India and Eastern Asia
War of Austrian Succession
France controlled Madras (Chennai)
Peace Treaty at the end of war gave Madras to Britain
when did the VOC collapse
1799 VOC collapsed b/c of British competition
Mughal Empire
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
collapse led to armed conflict between Britain and France
England and Scotland were ruled by the Stuart monarchs for over 100 years until
they were united into a single kingdom
Last Stuart monarch
Queen Anne
Acts of Union
England and Scotland and transferred power to a protestant monarch (1607)
This avoided issues with power balances that destroyed Spain
1688 French army
France had the strongest army in Europe
The navy was larger than england and dutch
When Austria was battling the Ottoman, Louis XIV invaded
the Rhinelands
William of Orange was his primary adversary (and William III)
The War of the Grand Alliance stopped France from taking land, but not rivalries
Rivalries erupt once again during the War of Spanish Succession
After the Glorious Revolution
Mary's sister Anne took the throne
Passed to Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of James I)
Passed to her only son, George I
War of the Austrian Succession
Charles IV died in 1740 with no male heir. Maria Theresa ruled.
Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Habsburgs, starting the war
France, Bavaria, and Spain sided with Prussia
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle concluded the war and Fredrick the Great recognized Maria Theresa's husband as Holy Roman Emperor.
The Seven Years War
Austria wanted to regain Silesia which was lost to Prussia during the war of succession
France and Austria (diplomatic revolution), Russia, Saxony, Sweden vs Prussia, England
Britain and France fought over Hanover, but British navy won over India
British and French Rivalries in North America
Britain won the French and Indian war in 1763 with the treaty of Paris
Britain received land east of the Mississippi and Canada
Britain got Florida
Spain got Louisiana and French territory West of the Mississippi
France kept its sugar islands
During the American Revolution, colonists allied themselves with France
New democracies caused chaos in Europe
Treaty of Utrecht
France, The Netherlands, and Spain all were worsened economically following the war of Spanish succession
War of the Grand Alliance
also called War of the League of Augsburg**
1695 the French war effort was weakened by the death of their undefeated general, the Duke de Luxembourg
Treaty of Rijswijk brought no resolution to conflict. Did not end rivalries
The American Revolution
1775-1783
British vs. Colonists/French
Ben Franklin negotiates to keep Spain out of the War and prevent European powers from entering into secret alliances with Britain
French naval success at Yorktown - British surrendered in 1781
The French and Indian War
1754-1763
Britain and colonists try to counter French Expansion along western frontier of the Ohio River Valley
British/Colonists vs. French/Natives
Ended by Treaty of Paris (1763)
Britain received all lands east of Mississippi river and Canada
Britain received Florida from Spain
Spain gets Louisiana and French lands west of Mississippi
France keeps Haiti in Caribbean
Major causes of the French Revolution
The Enlightenment
Class conflict
Economic problems
Weakness of Louis XVI
How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
More literate public—public opinion develops (unfavorable to monarchy)
Gather in salons to discuss new ideas
Newspapers, books & pamphlets circulate
Libel & satire against king and queen
Radical writings of discontented "Grub Street" writers unable to break in to the "high enlightenment"
Ex. John Paul Marat
Emphasis on reason—begin to question the church & the king's divine right & infallibility
Locke
natural rights: life, liberty & property; right to overthrow oppressive government
Voltaire
urges France to emulate British political system; religious toleration; freedom of speech
Rousseau
Social Contract; republic; separate spheres; men are born good & corrupted by society
Montesquieu
3 branches of government
Abbe Sieyes
"What is the Third Estate?"
What is the Third Estate?
EVERYTHING
What has it been hitherto in politics?
NOTHING
What does it ask?
TO BECOME SOMETHING....
a French Roman Catholic abbé, clergyman, and political writer who was the chief political theorist of the French Revolution; he also held offices in the governments of the French Consulate and the First French Empire
Economic problems that caused the French Rev.
Deeply in debt due to Seven Years' War and American Revolution
Parlements (royal courts dominated by the nobility) prevented the king from taxing the nobles
Bad Harvests led to food shortages & general unrest among urban poor
France is a wealthy country with an impoverished government
Jacques Necker