NURS 116 quiz 3 (Infection I-VI)

Innate (4) vs acquired immunity (4)

Innate Immunity

- Present at birth

- Non-specific defense against pathogens

- Immediate response

- Includes barriers (skin, mucous), inflammation, phagocytes

Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity

- Develops after exposure to pathogens

- Specific to antigens

- Slower initial response

- Involves B cells, T cells, antibodies, and memory cells

What is released when mast cells degranulate

histamine + prostaglandin

examples of physical barriers

skin (keratin layers)

mucous membranes (nose, GI tract)

What is cellular defense?

phagocytosis

cells that are phagocytic (5)

- neutrophils

- monocytes/macrophages

- NK cells

- eosinophils

- cytotoxic T cells

what kind of response are B and T cells

Specific response (acquired)

what cells propagate immune response?

interferons and interleukins (IL) immunogenic proteins (cytokines)

what secretes interferons, interluekins, and cytokines?

White blood cells

What is hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

what cells are formed from myeloid progenitor cell? (4)

- eosinophil

- basophil

- monocyte

- neutrophil

what cells are formed from lymphoid progenitor cells? (3)

- T cell

- B cell

- NK cell

What do monocyts mature into? and where?

macrophages in tissue

example of monocyte

hepatic kupffer cells (specific to tissue)

Eosinophils and their secretions (3)

allergy response

- cytokines (inflammation)

- leukotrienes (asthma)

- PAF (platelet activating factor)

PAF

platelet activating factor

- blood clotting triggered when inflammation triggered

Basophils and their secretions (2)

allergy response

- cytokines + histamine

- heparin

Heparin function

anticoagulant

What is a booster shot?

more than one dose

Basic B cell function (3)

- antigen presents self

- B cell clones itself

- Antibodies secreted

are pathogens antigens?

yes

What antibodies are secreted

immunoglobins (most common: IgG)

- 2000 per second

- circulate and mark pathogens for destruction

Opsenins

tags that mark for destruction

Are all antibodies opsonins? all opsonins antibodies?

All antibodies are opsonins, not all opsonins are

Antibody function

circulate in blood, neutralize or mark for destruction by phagocytic cells

memory B cells

remember antigens for next exposure

- immediate and faster response than before

Kinds of T cells (4)

- T helper cells

- cytotoxic T

- T regulatory

- T memory

T helper cells

activate B cells, secrete cytokines (Th2 cells)

T memory cells

develop post exposure and recognize antigen to respond fast next time

CBC test

complete blood count

- detect isues in hematopoiesis

- any decreases in number?

immunocompromised meaning

immune system is compromised (innate or acquired)

more likely risk of infection -> can't respond as well as it should

Causes of decreased WBC numbers (5)

- Autoimmune disease

- Drug therapy

- Chronic inflammation/infection

- immunodeficiencies

- cancer

Autoimmune disease decreasing WBC numbers examplee

example: IBD

- depletion due to chronic inflammatory requirements

- systemic inflammation decreases cell synthesis and proliferation of immune and responding cells

Glucocorticoids in decreasing WBCs (2)

decrease immunity and response

- inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, T cells, macrophages

- decrease leukocytes

Long term gluccocorticoids -> immunocompromised

Immunosupressents in WBC depletion (what drug? examples?)

DMARDS

Infliximab -> reduced inflammation via decreased immune signaling

- decreased immune function -> risk of infection

chronic infection/inflammation in decreased WBCs + examples

long term infection -> depletion of resources due to chronic requirements

examples: moncleosis, HIV

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

permamnent life time

attacking of T cells

Types of immunodeficiencies (3)

- congenital

- Elderly

- Malnutrition

congenital immunodeficiencies + examples

early stage of infancy, preent at birth

- genetic, development, exposure

example: DiGeorge syndrom

- malformed thymus

Elderly immunodeficiencies

immune response and WBC response decreased

malnutrition immunodeficiencies (3+)

3 main components of diet

- carbs, proteins, lipids

carbs -> cell wall (phospholipid bilayer)

protein -> celular function, receptor, enzymes, AA

minerals and vitamins

Cancer in WBC depletion (3)

- interference/distruction of production organs

- interference with maturation of normal WBCs

- cancer treatment -> inhibit vast cellular mitosis -> also affect hematopoeisis

Chain of transmission (6)

- susceptable host

- portal of entry

- mode of transmission

- portal of exit

- reservoir

- infection agent

Host susceptibility

anyone who is immunocompromised

Pathogen

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

Pathogenicity

organisms ability to evade or overcome body defences

Do all pathogens affect humans?

many pathogens don't affect humans and some greatly affect humans

2 mechanisms of pathogenicity

1. Strength in numbers -> overwhelm body defences

2. Toxin production

examples of toxin production

shiga toxin by some E-coli

- not all E-coli are harmful to humans

virulence + example

the power to produce disease

- covid 19 has high virulence = low numbers of pathogens able to produce disease

Port of exit

How it comes off someone or is spread

- usually agrees with mode of transmission

- e.g. GI tract, respiratory tract

How to reduce spread

prevention (hygeine) -> 80% of infections spread by hands

- decreased number of exposed pathogens

Port of entry

into body, past endogenous defences (into next host)

Botulism (S&S + where)

Botulinum toxin -> muscle paralysis

- deadly paralysis -> diaphragm

from unkept food

Botulism bacterium

Bacterium: Clostridum botulinum

- gram postiive, anaerobic, neurotxin (block Ach)

- acetylcholine -> neurotransmitter -> communication

- somatic NS, parasympathetic NS

Botulism treatment

antitoxin HBAT

Botuism prevention

preservatives

- salt: pottasium nitrate -> effective preservation

- nitrates/nitrites -> used instead of salt as preservative (modern)

Different modes of transmission (3)

- drect contact with infected host

- inhalation of airborne pathogens

- ingestion of contaminated foods

Infections from direct contact with infected host

- STI, disease causing a wound or rash (chickenpox)

Infections from inhalation of airborne pathogens examples (5)

- respiratory disease, common cold, menningitis, childhood disease (measles, mups)

- chicken pox (multimodal transmission)

Infections from ingestion of contaminated foods

- food poisoning, parasites, food borne viruses (hepatitis A)

Is there a difference in treatment from where the infection was received

yes, it might be immune to common treatment if it's from a hospital because it's already experienced

noscocomial

infection acquired in hospital

Community acquired

infection acquired outside of hospital

Microflora

microorganisms present in or on the human body

example: GI microflora

Commensalism

host not negatively affected, bacteria benefits

Mutualism + example

host and bacteria both benefit

example: intestinal flora E coli species vitamin K2 formation in the gut

- becomes part of host flora

Parasitism

host is negatively affected, bacteria benefits

Opportunistic pathogen + examples

Microorganism causes disease if opportunity arises (immunocompromised)

example: intestinal infection in an immunocompromised host

Parasites (classification)

microscopic single cell to animal kingdom creatures

3 main groups

- protozoa

- helminths

- arthropods

Protozoa parasite (example)

Malaria

- transmited through mosquito

- travel through blood to liver and multiply

- prophylatic treatment -> before it reaches liver

- nothing can do if reaches

Helmith parasites

Tapeworm -> GI infection

Arthropod parasites

lice, ticks, mites, fleas

- can transport disease too

Fungi (5)

- Eukaryotic organisms

- freely reproduce (asexual and sexual)

- 2 groups -> yeast, mold

- Fastidious: dark, moist environements

- disease: Superficial or systemic

Example of yeast fungi

Candida albicans -> thrush, tinea

Fastidious

prefer certain environments

Superficial fungal disease (2)

ringworm, thrush, vaginal candidasis (yeast infection -> topical treatment)

Ringworm

Lesions look like worms in rings

Many kinds

Tinea pedis

Ringworm on the feet

athletes foot

Tinea cruris

ringworm on the groin

jocks itch

tinea capitis

ringworm on the scalp

- small pimple increases with hair loss

Onychomychosis

ringworm in the nails

becomes miscolored and breaks

Tinea corporis + treatment

Most common, affects skin

Treatment:

- over counter antifungal cream or sprays

- 10 days after transmission

Thrush

White substance (yeast)

on the oral cavity, palate, and tongue

Systemic fungi infection

fungal pneumonia, GI (rare, only in immunocompromised)

- rare, serious, difficult to treat

Viruses (1->3 + 2->1 + 3)

1. No cell structure: protein coat and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

- contain replication material only

- frequent mutation

- Viruses and retroviruses

2. Require host to survive and replicate

- may alter host to replicate or lyse host cell

3. Most common and more contagious

Retroviruses + example

RNA

RNA + enzyme -> reverse transcriptase

example: HIV (cause of AIDS)

Most common viral infections (4)

- covid 19

- influenza (flu)

- common cold

- laryngitis

Treatment of viruses (3)

symptom management: antivrals

Immune system support (e.g. IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin)

- passive immunity -> not long term, as good as halftime

Prevention: immunizations

Bacteria (7)

1. prokaryotes -> respond to antibacterials/antibiotics

2. contain DNA and RNA -> plasmids

3. reproduce autonomously

4. biofilms

5. less contagious than viruses

6. Fastodious -> temp, oxygen, light

7. Commonly secreted toxins

plasmids

small DNA bodies -> role in antibiotic resistance

Biofilms

bacteria colonizing affected areas (colonies)

exogenous pyrogens (3)

commonly secreted toxins from bacteria

- contribute to inflammation and disease process

- more than viruses

How are bacteria classified (2)

laboratory analysis: iodine staining process

- gram negative -> did not keep the stain

- gram positive -> kept the stain

-itis suffix

infected or inflamed body part

example: appendicitis, laryngitis

-emia suffix

pathogen prescence in blood

example: bacteremia (bacteria in blood), fungemia (fungi in blood)

Can pathogens infect more than one area? Can multiple pathogens be in one organ/body?

yes, they can spread

- anything CNS can spread to many parts of the brain

- difficicult to treat because of BBB

Yes, many pathogens can be present in one body part

Course of infection (5)

1. Incubation period

2. Prodromal phase

3. Acute stage

4. Convalescent period

5. Resolution

Incubation period

disease is spreading

- pathogen present and replicating

- no symptoms but can infect others

prodromal stage

inital symptoms: malaise (discomfort), mild fever, headache, myalgia (muscle ache)

Generic in nature -> difficult to differentiate

Acute stage

differentiation of symptoms

- maximum prescence of pathogens, maximum S&S

- maximum impact of infecton

- more specific symptoms