grade 10 science Biology unit

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Cell theory states

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

Plant cells have

chloroplasts, cell wall, large central vacuole

Types of microscopes

light microscope and electron microscope

Actual image formula

see photo image

Animal cells have

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

Compare animal cells and plant cells

animal: lysosomes, centrioles, no cell wall, doesn't go through photosynthesis

plant: no lysosomes, no centrioles, no cell wall, photosynthesis

similarities: DNA, asexual reproduction, mitochondria, plasma membrane

Organelles are

like tiny organs within cells.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Chloroplasts are

the site of photosynthesis and found mostly in the interior cells of leaves

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

System

A group of parts that work together as a whole

Organisms

living things, such as plants, animals, and bacteria

macroscopic

visible to the naked eye

microscopic

too small to be seen except under a microscope

How to calculate magnification

multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by the magnification of the objective lens being used

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

endosymbiont theory

explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells

Plant cells have

chloroplasts, cell wall, large central vacuole

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Animal cells have

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells

cell differentiation

the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function.

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

Chomosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Nucleosome

repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled around histones

Bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

Hershey and Chase

concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.

Contents of DNA

base, phosphate and deoxyribose sugar

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Chargaff's Rule

[A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing.

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Used x-ray crystallography to study DNA structure

purines and pyrimidines

Purines (double ring): Adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines (single ring): Cytosine and thymine (uracil in RNA)

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein

Differences between DNA and RNA

DNA has deoyribose, thymine, and is double-stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded

Laws of Inheritance (Mendel)

law of dominance, law of segregation, law of independent assortment

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

somatic cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

life cycle

The entire sequence of stages in the life of an organism, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next.

G1 phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

S phase of interphase

chromosome replicate and DNA synthesizes

G2 phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. Organelles are duplicated

M phase

mitosis and cytokinesis

phases of mitosis in order

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

cytokinesis in plant cells

divide from inside out using a cell plate in middle of cell

Cytokinesis in animal cells

Cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts. cleavage furrow forms before division

metaphase plate

Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.

Anaphase (Mitosis)

cell elongates and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles

Telophase (mitosis)

the nuclei for the newly split cells form, the nucleoli reappear, and the chromatin uncoil

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

haploid cell

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

Non-Disjunction Disorders

the cell division that leads to the production of gametes goes awry; gametes with too many or too few chromosomes are produced. failure to separate in meiosis idt is the failure of homogous pairs to separate during anaphase 1. or of sister chromatids to separate during anaphase 2(meiosis 2)

Telomere

repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Sex chromosomes are:

XX- female

XY- male

Turner Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

Telomeres

ends of chromosomes with protective caps consists of dna associated with proteins. might be involved with aging and cancer

sex chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

embryonic stem cells

embryonic cells, which can develop into any type of body cell

adult stem cells

undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ

Cell Differentiation / Specialization

process of making cells "different" or "special" in function

For example: some cells are muscle cells, some are bone cells

**differential gene expression - genes turned "on" or "off"