A-level History- OCR- Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964

Define autocracy

A system of government in which one person has total power

Define Constitutional Government

A government that is organised and administered according to a set of written or unwritten rules

Define Paternalistic

protecting the people, as a so called parental figure

Define Russian Orthodox Church

A branch of Christianity that was very traditional and that was independent from outside authorities such as the papacy. It taught the people to obey the tsar as he was said to be anointed by God.

Define Liberal democracy

A political ideology that promotes the right of the people to exercise freedom of choice. This would include the freedom to speak what one believes in, and the freedom to choose a representative in government.

Define Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality

The slogan used by the tsars and Pobedonostsev to justify and explain the conservative nature of tsarist rule

Define Fundamental Laws

Basic laws that reinforced the ideology underpinning tsarist rule.

What year did Alexander II become Tsar?

1855

What year was the Emancipation of Serfs edict?

1861

What year was the assassination of Alexander II?

1881

What year did Alexander III become Tsar?

1881

What year did Nicholas II become Tsar?

1894

What year was the Social Democratic Workers' Party formed?

1898

What month and year was the State Duma created?

October 1905

What year was the treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?

1918

What year did Lenin die?

1924

What year did Stalin come to power?

1927

What year was Stalins constitution issued?

1936

When did Nikita Khrushchev come to power?

1953

When was Khrushchev removed from power?

1964

When was the original Fundamental Law issued?

1832

What month and year did Russia introduce State Capitalism?

November 1917

What month and year was the Decree on Land published?

November 1917

Define State Capitalism

state taking complete control of the economy until it could be 'safely' handed over to the proletariat.

What was the Decree on Land?

Nationalisation of all land

What month and year was the Decree on the Workers' Control published?

November 1917

What was the Decree on Workers' Control?

Workers' Committees given extra powers to run factories.

Who led the policy of destalinisation?

Khrushchev

Which group assassinated Alexander II

The People's Will

Which year has been described as a 'year of revolutions'? (not 1917!)

1905

Who said 'from each according to their ability, to each according to their need'?

Karl Marx

Which years did Lenin rule?

1917-24

What year was the Okhrana set up

1881

What month and year was the Cheka set up

December 1917

What did the Cheka implement

The Red Terror

Secret Police under Stalin

The NKVD was formed in 1934, later was replaced by the NKGB which was subsequently replaced in 1946 by the MGB and MVD. In 1953 these two organizations merged back together to form a larger version of the MVD.

What secret police did Khrushchev set up

KGB

How many men did the Russian army number at the start of the period?

1,400,000

What did Nicholas II mainly use the army for between 1905 and 1917

to dismantle strikes, protests and riots

Why did the size of the Red Army decline under Khrushchev

Due to the Cold War not being fought on foot

What was Agitprop set up for in 1921

preventing counter revolutionary press or creation.

Censorship under Stalin

Under Stalin Censorship sharply increased with all literary groups being closed down and anyone wanting to write having to join the Union of Social Writers where their works were based off of Socialist Realism.

Did censorship ease in comparison to Stalin under Khrushchev

Under Khrushchev censorship eased with a multitude of libraries opening with the aspiration of educating the nation.

Famous Bolshevik slogan

"Peace, Bread and Land'

List all of the tsars and communists with their years in power

Alexander II 1855-1881

Alexander III 1881- 1894

Nicholas II 1894-1917

Lenin 1917-1924

Stalin 1927-53

Khrushchev 1953-64

Which months were the Provisional Government in power during 1917?

February to October

Which country was Russia at war with between 1904-05?

Japan

Which tsar took personal control of the armed forces?

Nicholas II

Although they seized power, the Provisional Government promised elections to a democratically elected...?

Constituent Assembly

What did Lenin ban in 1921?

Factions within the Bolshevik party and other political parties

Under which leader was the scale of repression at its greatest?

Stalin

During which year was the Fundamental Law reiterated?

1906

The tsars believed they were chosen by God. What was this known as?

Divine Right

Who said 'the history of all hitherto existing society was the history of class struggle'?

Karl Marx

In Marxism, what was it called when a small number of workers took control before communism was achieved?

Dictatorship of the proliteriat

Soviet Order No. 1 was passed in Petrograd on 1 March, 1917. What did this do?

Armed forces of Russia were under the control of the Petrograd soviet

What was the surname of the army general who attempted a coup in August 1917?

Kornilov

Define Zemstva

an elective provincial or district council established in most provinces of Russia by Alexander II in 1864 as part of his reform policy

Who were the Populists

a political group based on Popular Socialism, whose beliefs highly influenced by Karl Marx

Who were the Peoples Will

Terrorist group formed in 1979, trying to spark a revolution, responsible for the assassination of Alexander II

Who were the Socialist Revolutionaries

Socialist group who were rather violent as they were responsible for about 2000 political killings

Who were the social democrats

Founded in 1998, were a group who were influenced by Marx and emphasised the need to encourage working class consciousness. Later split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

How did the liberals want Russia to be run

They wanted Russia to be run like the rest of Europe with constitutional monarchies and democracies

Who were the Kadets and Octoberists

Those in favour of a constitutional monarchy between the Tsar and the Duma, who were trying to in act a way to get the Duma more power.

What exact date did Nicholas II abdicate

2nd March 1917

What exact date was Soviet Order No.1 passed

1st of March 1917

What exact dates were the July Days?

3rd to 7th of July 1917

What happened at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

congress formed the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, issued a number of key decrees (Decree on Peace, Decree on Land, Decree on the Total Power of the Soviets, decree abolishing the death penalty)

What exact dates was the Russian Civil War between?

7 Nov 1917 - 25 Oct 1922

Which three armies was the Russian Civil War between?

Bolsheviks, White Army and the Green Army

What happened at the election to the Constituent Assembly in November 1917?

Social Revolutionaries won the vote, and Bolsheviks came second therefore the Bolsheviks called off the vote

What was the RSFSR?

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, name of Russia before USSR

What year was the RSFSR set up?

1917

Who were the Black Repartition

A revolutionary populist organization in Russia in the early 1880s

Define United Opposition group

The United Opposition was a group formed in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in early 1926, when the Left Opposition led by Leon Trotsky, merged with the New Opposition led by Grigory Zinoviev, against the rule of Stalin.

Define Kulaks

Peasants who owned over 8 acres of land towards the end of the Russian Empire

Define Peasant vigilantism

Peasants trying to protect themselves and their land

Define Constituent Assembly

A freely and universally elected democratic body that would have determined Russia's form of government and political system, following the Provisional Government's ruling of the country.

Why was Alexander II viewed as Tsar Liberator

as a result of the emancipation edict of 1861.

Who set up the regional Zemstvas

Alexander II

What year was the Trial of the 50 and what did it lead to

1877, led to long term imprisonments of leading populists

What 3 things did freedom of the serfs entail

able to own property

run their own commercial enterprises

marry whoever they wished.

What were redemption payments

Payments to be made by former serfs to compensate landowners for the land that they had been given,

What year was the Polish rebellion

1863

What were the Milyutin reforms of 1862

military service reduced to fifteen years, modernised training, better training/guidance for officers.

What happened to the justice system in 1864

introduction of jury system, hierarchy of courts, better pay for judges, public able to attend

What was the Vera Zasulich case

found not guilty of shooting and wounding governor of St. Petersburg in 1878

Which quote do we associate with Vyshnegradsky?

'We must go hungry but export'

Who do we associate with the quote 'wager on the stronger'?

Stolypin,

What impact did WWI have on agriculture?

Ran it into the ground due to soldiers needing a lot of food therefore the majority of produce was collected by the army

Quote of Stalins

'Socialism in the countryside'

What was Khurushchevs agricultural policy

Virgin Land Campaign

How many workers had been promoted to managerial positions by the early 1930s

1.5 million

What percentage of the population did the tsar and nobility make up

2%

In 1914 how large was the middle class

2 million

5 Categories of the middle class

Christian priests

Non-noble bureaucrats

Honoured citizens

Merchants

Petty commercial classes

What percentage of army recruits were literate by mid 1860s

9%

The Bolsheviks were a division of which party?

Social Democrats

In 1889, what were the people known as who were appointed to monitor and control the behaviour of peasants?

Land Captains

The system of communal farming forced under Stalin was known as...?

Collectivisation