A&P2 Exam2 Ch18.6

A set of 55 vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 18 on Nutrition and Metabolism.

Appetite

The drive that compels us to seek food

Hypothalamus

The control center for appetite.

1. insulin

2. leptin

3. neuropeptide Y

4. Ghrelin

What are the 4 main hormones/neurotransmitter that control appetite?

Insulin

Hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates adipocytes to admit glucose and store fat.

Leptin

Hormone secreted by adipocytes that suppresses appetite and increases metabolic rate after eating.

Neuropeptide Y

Substance secreted from the hypothalamus that enhances appetite.

Ghrelin

Hormone from the stomach that enhances appetite.

Vitamins

Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal metabolic processes; essential nutrients

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins that includes Vitamins A, D, E, and K that are stored in the body's fatty tissues; excess can lead to overdose; resistant to heat; associated with lipids & influenced by same factors affecting absorption (presnce of bile salts)

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins that Includes B vitamins and vitamin C; cooking & food processing destorys some; B vitamins needed for normal cellular metabolism

1. false

2. fact

Which is fact, and which is false?

1. the more vitamins, the better

2. too much water-soluble vitamin results in excretion of the vitamin through urination; too much fat-soluble vitamin can harm health

1. fact

2. false

Which is fact, and which is false?

1. Many people do benefit from vitamin supplements, particularly pregnant and breastfeeding women

2. A varied diet provides all needed vitamins

1. fact

2. false

Which is fact, and which is false?

1. vitamins don’t directly supply energy; they aid in the release of energy from carbohydrates, fats, proteins

2. vitamins provide energy

Vitamin A

structure: fat-soluble;synthesized from carotenes; exists in several forms

function: antioxidant needed for synthesis of pigments, mucoproteins, & mucopolysaccharides; for normal development of bones & teeth & maintenance of epithelial cells

locations: stored in liver

Vitamin D

structure:fat-soluble; group of steroids

function: promotes absorption of calcium & phosphorus; promotes development of teeth & bones

location: stored in liver, skin, brain,spleen, bones

Vitamin E

structure: fat-soluble; group of compunds

function: antioxidant; prevents oxidation of vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids; may help maintain stability of cell membranes

location: stored in muscles and adipose tissue

Vitamin K

structure: fat-soluble; several forms

function: required for synthesis of prothrombin (blood clotting)

location: stored in liver

Thiamine (B1)

structure: water-soluble;

function: part of coenzyme required for oxidation of carbohydrates; coenzyme required for ribose synthesis

location:

Riboflavin (B2)

structure: water-soluble;

function: part of enzymes/coenzymes such as FAD, required for oxidation of glucose and fatty acids for cell growth

location:

Niacin (B3)

structure: water-soluble; synthesized from tryptophan & converted to niacinamide by cells

function: part of coenzymes NAD and NADP required for oxidation of glucose & synthesis of proteins, fats, and nucleic acids

location:

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

structure: water-soluble;

function: part of coenzyme A required for oxidation of carbohydrates and fats

location:

Vitamin B6

structure: water-soluble; group of 3 compunds

function: coenzyme required for synthesis of proteins and various amino acids; conversion of tryptophan to niacin; production of antibodies; nucleic acid synthesis

location:

Biotin (B7)

structure: water-soluble

function: coenzyme required for metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids and nucleic acid synthesis

location:

Folic Acid (B9)

structure: water-soluble; several forms

function: coenzyme required for metabolism of certain amino acids and for DNA synthesis;promotes production of normal RBCs

location: stored in liver & converted to folinic acid

Cyanocobalamin (B12)

structure: water-soluble; complex; cobalt-containing compound

function: part of coenzyme required for synthesis of nucleic acids & for metabolism of carbohydrates; plays role in myelin synthesis; required for normal RBC production

location: stored in liver

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

structure: water-soluble; chemically similar to monosaccharides

function: required for collagen production, conversion of folacin to folic acid, & metabolism of certain amino acids; promotes absorption of iron & synthesis of hormones form cholesterol

location:

Minerals

Inorganic elements required in metabolism; usually extracted from the soil by plants; obtained from plant foods or animals that have eaten plants

1. muscles contraction

2. nerve impulses conduction

3. blood coagulation & pH regulation

What 3 things to minerals play a role in?

1. calcium

2. phosphorus

3. potassium

4. sulfur

5. sodium

6. chlorine

7. magnesium

What are the 7 macrominerals (major minerals); account for 0.05% or more of body weight

Ca & P

What are the 2 main microminerals? Accounting for 75% of the mineral elements of the body

Calcium

function: structure of bones & teeth; essential for neurotransmitter release, muscle fiber contraction, cardiac action potential, blood coagulation; activates certain enzymes

location: mostly in the inorganic salts of bones & teeth

excess: kidney stones, deposition of calcium phosphate in soft tissues

deficiency: stunted growth, misshapen bones, fragile bones, tetany

Phosphorus

function: structure of bones & teeth; component in nearly all metabolic reactions; in nucleic acids, many proteins, some enzymes, and some vitamins; in cell membrane, ATP, and phosphates of body fluids

location: mostly in inorganic salts of bones and teeth

excess: none known

deficiency: stunted growth

Potassium (K)

function: helps maintain intracellular osmotic pressure and regulate pH; required for impulse conduction in neurons

location: widely distributed; concentrated inside cells

excess: uncommon

deficiency: muscular weakness; cardiac abnormalities, edema

Sulfur (S)

function: essential part of certain amino acids, thiamine, insulin, biotin, & mucopolysaccharides

location: widely distributed; abundant in skin, hair, nails

excess: none known

deficiency: none known

Sodium (Na)

function: helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids; regulates water movement; plays a role in impulse conduction in neurons; regulates pH and transport of substances across cell membranes

location: widely distributed; mostly in extracellular fluids and bound to inorganic salts of bone

excess: hypertension, edema, body cells shrink

deficiency: nausea, cramps, convulsions

Chlorine (Cl)

function: closely associated with sodium; most highly concentrated in cerebrospinal fluid and gastric juice

location: most highly concentrated in cerebrospinal fluid and gastric juice

excess: vomiting

deficiency: cramps

Magnesium (Mg)

function: required in metabolic reactions in mitochondria that produce ATP; plays a role in the breakdown of ATP to ADP

location: abundant in bones

excess: diarrhea

deficiency: neuromuscular disturbances

trace elements

micronutrients found in minute amounts, each making up less than 0.005% of body weight

1. iron

2. manganese'

3. copper

4. iodine

5. cobalt

6. zinc

7. fluorine

8. selenium

9. chromium

What are the 9 trace elements?

Iron (Fe)

function: part of hemoglobin molecule; assists in vitamin A synthesis; incorporated into a number of enzymes

location: primarily in blood; stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow

excess: liver damage

deficiency: anemia

Manganese (Mn)

function: part of enzymes required for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, urea formation, and normal functioning of the nervous system

location: most concentrated in liver, kidneys, pancreas

excess: none known

deficiency: none known

Copper (Cu)

function: essential for hemoglobin synthesis, bone development, melanin production, and myelin formation

location: mostly in liver, heart, brain

excess: rare

deficiency: rare

Iodine (I)

function: essential component for synthesis of thyroid hormones

location: thyroid gland

excess: autoimmune thyroid disease

deficiency: decreased synthesis of thyroid hormones

Cobalt (Co)

function: component of cyanocobalamin; required for synthesis of several enzymes

location: widely distributed

excess: heart disease

deficiency: pernicious anemia

Zinc (Zn)

function: component of enzymes involved in digestion, respiration, bone metabolism, liver metabolism; necessary for normal wound healing and maintaining integrity of the skin

location: most concentrated in liver, kidneys, brain

excess: slurred speech, problems walking

deficiency: depressed immunity, loss of taste and smell, learning difficulties

Fluorine (F)

function: component of tooth enamel

location: bones and teeth

excess: mottled teeth

deficiency: none known

Selenium (Se)

function: component of certain enzymes

location: concentrated in liver and kidneys

excess: vomiting, fatigue

deficiency: none known

Chromium (Cr)

function: essential for use of carbohydrates

location: widely distributed

excess: none known

deficiency: none known

Function of Magnesium

Plays a role in the breakdown of ATP.