tests

Lithium

Crimson

Sodium

Yellow

Potassium

Lilac

Calcium

Brick red

Copper

Green

Test for carbonate

Test: add dilute acid

Result: effervescence, carbon dioxide produced

test for chloride

Test: acidify with dilute nitric acid then add aqueous silver nitrate

Result: white ppt

test for bromide

Test: acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate

Result: cream ppt

test for iodide

test: acidify with dilute nitric acid then add aqueous silver nitrate

Result: yellow ppt

Test for nitrate

test: add aqueous sodium hydroxide then aluminum foil, warm carefully

Result: ammonia produced

Test for sulfate

Test: acidify then add aqueous barium nitrate

Result: white ppt

Test for sulfite

Test: add dilute hydrochloric acid, warm gently and test for the presence of sulfur dioxide

Result: sulfur dioxide produced will turn acidified aqueous potassium manganate from purple to colorless

Test for aluminum

effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: white ppt,soluble in excess, giving a colourless solution

Effect of aqueous ammonia: white ppt, insoluble in excess

Test for Ammonium

Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: ammonia produced on warming

Test for calcium

Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: white ppt, insoluble in excess

Effect of aqueous ammonia: no ppt or very slight white ppt

Test for chromium

Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: green ppt, soluble in excess

Effect of aqueous ammonia: grey-green ppt, insoluble in excess

Test for copper

Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: light blue ppt, insoluble in excess

Effect of aqueous ammonia: light blue ppt, soluble in excess giving a dark blue solution

Test for Iron (II)

Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: green ppt, insoluble in excess

Effect of aqueous ammonia: green ppt, insoluble in excess

Test for iron (III)

Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: red-brown ppt, insoluble in excess

Effect of aqueous ammonia: red-brown ppt, insoluble in excess

Test for zinc

Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: white ppt, soluble in excess, giving a colorless solution

Effect of aqueous ammonia: white ppt soluble in excess, giving a colorless solution

Test for ammonia

Turns damp red litmus paper blue

Carbon dioxide

Turns limewater milky

Chlorine

Bleaches damp litmus paper

Hydrogen

‘Pops’ with a lighted splint

Oxygen

Relights a glowing splint

Sulfur dioxide

Turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate from purple to colorless