Untitled Flashcards Set

What is motivation?

Motivation is the psychological process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

Biological motives vs psychological motives

Biological motives (primary) are driven by physiological needs, while psychological motives (secondary) are influenced by emotional and cognitive factors.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (lowest to highest)

Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization.

What is approach-approach conflict?

A situation where a person must choose between two desirable options.

Define anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image leading to excessive weight loss.

What is the James-Lange theory?

The theory that emotions arise from physiological reactions to stimuli.

What are teratogens?

Substances or environmental factors that can cause congenital abnormalities during fetal development.

Explain Erikson’s stage of Trust vs Mistrust

The first stage of Erikson's theory, where infants learn to trust their caregivers for basic needs.

What are the Big Five Personality Traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Define self-actualization

The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential, considered as a drive or need present in everyone.

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

The theory that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to the genetic constitution, while phenotype refers to the observable traits resulting from the genotype.

What is a defense mechanism?

Psychological strategies used to cope with reality and maintain self-image.

What does 'reciprocal determinism' refer to?

A concept in social cognitive theory that suggests behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences all interact and shape behavior.

Define obesity

A medical condition characterized by an excess of body fat, often quantified using the Body Mass Index (BMI).

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation comes from internal satisfaction or enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards or pressures.

What is the role of the hypothalamus in motivation?

The hypothalamus plays a critical role in regulating hunger, thirst, and energy homeostasis.

What characterizes the 'formal operational period' of cognitive development?

The stage where individuals develop the ability to think abstractly and reason logically.

What is the focus of Carl Rogers' humanistic approach?

Emphasis on the individual's experience, belief in the inherent goodness of people, and the importance of self-actualization.