Chapter 13

hormones

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream

endocrine glands

produce hormones without ducts

-crine

to secrete

Pituitary gland

(hypophysis)- pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes.

adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

adren/o

adrenal

cortic/o

cortex

trop

change

follicle-stimulating hormone

stimuklate sthe secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova in the ovaries.

growth hormone

(somatotropic hormone) - regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and body tissue

somat/o

body

Lactogenic hormone

(prolactin)- stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth

gen

producing

luteinizing hormone

stimulates ovulation in the female and secretion of testosterone in male

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation

thyroid-stimulating hormone

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

antidiuretic hormone

secreted by tghe hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

oxy-

swift

tocin

labor

Pineal gland

(pineal body) very small endocrine gland

melatonin

influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle

Thyroid gland

lies on either side of the larynx

Thyroxine

one of two primary thyroid hormones (the other is triiodothyronine) that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems.

Calcitonin

produced by the thyroid gland; hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth.

Parathyroid glands

size of the grain of rice, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

parathyroid hormone

works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland, they regulate the calcium levels in the blood and tissue

thymus

located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity

Thymosin

stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells and is important in the immune system.

Pancreas

feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems

pancreatic islets

parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

Glucose

basic form of energy used by the body

Glucagon

hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream.

Insulin

hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream

Adrenal glands

(suprarenals)- located on top of each kidney.

Electrolytes

mineral substances- calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium.

Androgens

sex hormones secreted by the gonads, adrenal cortex, and fat cells.

Corticosteroids

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Aldosterone

corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in teh body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys.

Cortisol

(hydrocortisone)- corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action.

Epinephrine

(adrenaline)- stimulates the sympatetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear.

Norepinephrine

released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system.

gonads

gamete-producing glands

Puberty

process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing

Estrogen

hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important for the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle

Progesterone

hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary; its function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy.

gamete

reproductive cell

Gonadotropin

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

Androgens

sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells.

Testosterone

steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

Steroids

large family of hormones derived from cholesterol

anabolic steroids

man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones

Leptin

hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

ghrelin

(hunger hormone)- hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract

Neurohormones

produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream.

endocrinologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

endocrin

secrete within

certified diabetes educator

health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease

Acromegaly

rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet) caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

Gigantism

abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

Hyperpituitarism

the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes both acromegaly and gigantism

hyperpopituitarism

condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone

Pituitary adenoma

a slow-growing, benign tumor of the pituitary gland, functional pituitary tumors often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts.

Galactorrhea

condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth

prolactinoma

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin.

Diabetes insipidus

an uncommon disorder caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to this hormone.

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

caused by the overproduction of the anti-diuretic hormone ADH. This is often as a result of cancer or its treatment. High amounts of ADH keep the kidneys from excreting water, resulting in bloating and water retention that can dilute the blood, causing electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyponatremia

Pinealoma

tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of mlatonin