Introduction to CBT - Operant Conditioning

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13 Terms

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Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

  • Also called instrumental conditioning

  • Behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated

  • Behavior that is punished will rarely occur

  • Example: behavior charts

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Operant vs. Classical Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus

  • Operant conditioning associates voluntary action with a consequence

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Stimulus Role

  • Positive: application of a stimulus

  • Negative: removal or withholding of a stimulus

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Consequences

  • Reinforcement: behavior increases

    • Positive: add a desirable stimuli

    • Negative: take away undesirable stimuli

  • Punishment: behavior decreases

    • Positive: add undesirable stimuli

    • Negative: take away desirable stimuli

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Conditioned/Secondary Reinforcement 

  • Something a person has learned

  • Acquired its value only through repeated associations with primary reinforcers

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Schedule of Reinforcement

Different reinforcement schedules lead to different learning and performance rates

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Types of Schedules of Reinforcement

  • Continuous

  • Intermittent

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Continuous Reinforcement 

  • Reward follows every correct response

  • Learning occurs rapidly

  • BUT extinguishes quickly once

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Intermittent Reinforcement

  • Reward follows only some correct responses

  • Learning of behavior takes longer

  • Resistant to extinction

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Types of Intermittent Schedules

  • Ratio (responses) schedules

    • Fixed ratio

    • Variable ratio (gambling)

  • Interval (time) schedules

    • Fixed interval

    • Variable interval

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Extinction

Reinforcement withheld from a previously reinforced behavior

  • Behavior decreases/eliminated

  • Extinction burst

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Extinction Burst

Temporary increase in the intensity, frequency, or duration of a behavior after the reinforcement that previously maintain it has been removed. 

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Application to Therapy

  • Reinforcing behavior as therapists

  • How specific disorders are maintained (phobias, addictions, what else)

  • Examples of negatively reinforcing: Avoidance behaviors by client (so they don’t have to do the “hard stuff”), therapist going along w/a conversation and not shifting to goals.

    • Differential reinforcement can be helpful here