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Operant Conditioning
A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
Also called instrumental conditioning
Behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated
Behavior that is punished will rarely occur
Example: behavior charts
Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus
Operant conditioning associates voluntary action with a consequence
Stimulus Role
Positive: application of a stimulus
Negative: removal or withholding of a stimulus
Consequences
Reinforcement: behavior increases
Positive: add a desirable stimuli
Negative: take away undesirable stimuli
Punishment: behavior decreases
Positive: add undesirable stimuli
Negative: take away desirable stimuli
Conditioned/Secondary Reinforcement
Something a person has learned
Acquired its value only through repeated associations with primary reinforcers
Schedule of Reinforcement
Different reinforcement schedules lead to different learning and performance rates
Types of Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous
Intermittent
Continuous Reinforcement
Reward follows every correct response
Learning occurs rapidly
BUT extinguishes quickly once
Intermittent Reinforcement
Reward follows only some correct responses
Learning of behavior takes longer
Resistant to extinction
Types of Intermittent Schedules
Ratio (responses) schedules
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio (gambling)
Interval (time) schedules
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Extinction
Reinforcement withheld from a previously reinforced behavior
Behavior decreases/eliminated
Extinction burst
Extinction Burst
Temporary increase in the intensity, frequency, or duration of a behavior after the reinforcement that previously maintain it has been removed.
Application to Therapy
Reinforcing behavior as therapists
How specific disorders are maintained (phobias, addictions, what else)
Examples of negatively reinforcing: Avoidance behaviors by client (so they don’t have to do the “hard stuff”), therapist going along w/a conversation and not shifting to goals.
Differential reinforcement can be helpful here