Cellular Respiration, Fermentation, and Secondary Metabolism

A set of vocabulary flashcards based on key concepts from Chapter 7 on Cellular Respiration, Fermentation, and Secondary Metabolism.

Cellular Respiration

Process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy carrier in cells used to store and transfer energy.

Aerobic Respiration

A form of respiration that requires oxygen to generate energy, releasing CO2 as a byproduct.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding ATP and NADH.

Citric Acid Cycle

A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The final stage of aerobic respiration where ATP is generated through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

Fermentation

An anaerobic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

NADH

A coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier, playing a key role in metabolism.

Acetyl CoA

A molecule that feeds into the Citric Acid Cycle after the breakdown of pyruvate.

Warburg Effect

The observation that cancer cells tend to favor glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation, even in the presence of oxygen.

Chemiosmosis

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, which in mitochondria leads to the generation of ATP.

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

The direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP.

GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate)

An energy-rich molecule similar to ATP, produced in the Citric Acid Cycle.

Proton-Motive Force

The electrochemical gradient generated by the movement of protons across a membrane, used to synthesize ATP.