Unit 14 Geo Sub Sahara

Prehistory

the period of time before written records

Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Earliest human remains have been found here

Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey

Anthropologists who found evidence of early hominids in Olduvai Gorge

Hominids

humans and other creatures that walk upright

Stone Age

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances.

Early Stone Age

the name given to the period of stone-tool traditions in Africa. Started around 2.5 million years ago.

Middle Stone Age

The name given to the period of stone weapons. Most people in stone age 100,000 years ago. Small tools sharper edges. Attached wooden handles to make new tools

Later Stone Age

Time period following the Middle Stone Age with a diversification in tool types, most Africans in the stage 20,000 years ago. Made boats, began to farm, bow and arrow, made woven baskets for pottery.

Iron Age

People began shaping metal into tools. IRon ore found in Africa. By 600 B.C., Africans began making iron tools

BaMbuti

1. Live in the rain forests of the Congo Basin. 2. Make spears and bows from the woods. 3. Forage the forest for fruits and vegetables. 4. Build temporary homes and live in small groups.

Nomads

people who wander from place to place

San

Desert dwellers in Africa. Live in small groups. Adapted to desert culture to get water. Live near Kalahari desert

Maasai

People who live in savannas and make a living out of raising cattle, sheep, and goat. Known as feirce warriors. Keep large herds of cattle. LIve near Great Rift Valley

hunter-gatherers

People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive

Rock Art

human-made markings placed on natural stone

Aksum

A kingdom along the Red Sea today known as Ethiopia and Eritrea which grew wealthy from trade. Became a Christian Kingdom in Africa. Took over the Kush.

Ethipoia

Formerly the Aksum empire, was where coptic christianity formed.

Coptic Christianity

The Egyptian variety of Christianity formed in the 4th century. Pople is in Cairo, priests could marry, and most North African Christians are Coptic Christians

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Became rich involved in the gold and salt trade. Ghana kings protected the trade with an army paid for by taxes on trade.

Fall of Ghana

1. Invasion from Muslim armies cut off trade routes. 2. Overgrazing led to desertification(Sahara Desert growing) 3. Internal rebellion/fighting

AFRICA oral traditions

History of Africa was passed down orally which has led to struggles with understanding Africa's past.

Mali Empire

From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Timbuktu

Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning

Mosque

A Muslim place of worship

Songhai Kingdom

Largest African trading kingdom during its time; Helped rebel against Mali; only lasted for about 100 years

Gao (City)

Capital of the Songhai empire

Askia the Great

Muslim ruler who led Songhai to the height of its power

Djenne

A city that became a center of learning

Songhai, fall of the empire

Morocco invaded the Songhai and destroyed Timbuktu and Gao. Overland trade declined as ports became more important. Europeans began to prefer Muslim traders.

Bantu Migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000. Nobody knows why they migrated. Controlled most of Sub-Saharan Africa after. Many languages have Bantu roots in Sub-Saharan Africa

Great Zimbabwe

City formed by a Bantu group now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Kongo Kingdom

based on agriculture; formed on the lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; Eventually taken over by the Portuguese

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. Attempted to build railroad from South Africa to Egypt.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. British controlled for many years and led them to take control of Egypt.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa. Did not invite African countries, drew country lines to divide tribes which led to future conflict and war.

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Zulu people

People that the British faced opposition from in South Africa

Afrikaners

Dutch, French, and German settlers and their descendants in South Africa

Mau Mau

A violent movement against European settlers that eventually led to Kenya's decolonization from Britain in the 1950s

East African Slave Trade

Arabs, Asians, and other Africans kidnapped African people and enslaved them throughout the Arab world and South Asia

Why Europeans choose Africans for slavery?

1. Immunity to Eurpean diseases(unlike native Americans) 2. Same latitude as colonies. 3. Africans were not Christians. 4. Racism 5….many more

Impacts of slavery

1. Reduction in African population. 2. 15 to 20 millions Africans shipped to the Americas against their will 3. Africa lost their strongest young people and future leaders. 4. Africans became divided. 5. Wars between African tribes attempting to enslave the other. 6…..

industrial revolution - Africa

Most felt the effects of Imperialism. European nations divided up Africa into colonies that fed their need for raw materials for industrial production.

Impacts of imperialism (some, not all)

1. Tried to impose European ideas/religion on Africa. 2. Created famines: people worked on getting raw materials instead of farming. 3. Lost control of their land and its wealth.

Ethiopia and Liberia

two African countries that remained free from European control in 1914

African resistance to imperialism

1. Africans fought against slave trade. 2. Refused to give up culture. 3. Rebellions failed due to inferior weapons.

Shaka Zulu

Leader of Zulu people, Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887.

Ethiopia resistance

Menelik II Emperor of Ethiopia purchases weapons from France & Russia, Defeated Italian forces in 1896, One of two African nation to resist Europeans

Causes of Boer War

British expansion, discovery of gold and diamonds, Boers opposed British rule

Effects of Boer War

Afrikaners and British wrote a new constitution banning Native Africans from government.

Nigeria Independence

1960 - Nigeria gained independence. Ethnic groups banned together to form a political party. Slowly gained power as assemblies granted more power.

Kenya independence

1963 (MauMau rebellion). Was a violent rebellion and the native Mau Mau terrorized the British.

East Africa - Arab influence

Language, architecture, and religion were all influenced by the trade with the Arabs. Many Arabs lived in East Africa as well.