AP Gov Speed Review

Natural Rights

Fundamental rights of all humans, not received from a government.

Social Contract

The purpose of government is to protect the rights of the people.

Popular Sovereignty

Government power comes from the people

What did the US Constitution establish America as?

Republic

Participatory Democracy

Broad citizen participation and an active role for individuals in politics

Pluralist Democracy

Group-Based activism to impact policymaking

Elite Democracy

Limited citizen participation in politics, small group of elites that have the most power.

Federalist

Stronger central government and opposed the bill of rights

Anti-Federalist

Small central government, states rights, bill of rights.

Under AOC Congress could

Declare war, make treaties, borrow and coin money

Under AOC Congress couldn’t

tax or regulate interstate commerce

What did Shay’s Rebellion do?

Shifted Support towards a strong central government.

What did the great compromise do?

Establish a Bicameral legislature

Electoral College

Selects the president instead of congress or the people

3/5th compromise

Enslaved persons would count as 3/5 of a persons for congressional appointment

Importation of slaves

Slave trade couldn’t be banned for 20 years

Article Five

Created an amendment process. 2/3 of both houses of congress propose followed by ratification if ¾ of the states agree.

Fed 51

Covers checks and balances as well as the separation of powers.

Federalist 10

Madison argued against democracy and for a Large republic saying it is the best way to limit the negative effects of factions.

Brutus 1

Large central government will become oppressive to states rights due to size of the country. Opposed the constitution and supported states rights as well as local democracy. Bruh its to big.

Federalism

The Division of power between federal state and local governments

Delegated powers

for federal government

Reserved powers

Everything not given to the federal government is given to the state

Concurrent powers

Shared by state and federal government.

Enumerated powers

Written in the constitution

Dynamic federalism

The changing balance of power between central and state

implied powers

powers not written in the constitution but claimed by congress

Dual Federalism

Each the state and central are supreme in their own sphere and their powers do not overlap.

Cooperative federalism

states and federal share responsibilities, costs, and administration of policies; increases in federal powers.

Categorical Grants

Federal money to states for a specific purpose

Block grants

federal money to the states for use within a broad policy area

Mandates

Rules that states must follow whether the government gives them money or not.

Necessary and proper clause

Congress can make laws necessary and proper for executing their enumerated powers.

Supremacy clause

Federal is superior when state and federal policies conflict. Such as the states cannot tax the federal government.

Commerce Clause

Congress is allowed to regulate anything affecting interstate commerce.

House of representative

435 members

based on population

represents districts

2 year terms

more formal with stricter rules

rules committee

committee of the whole

discharge petitions

Senate

100 members

represents states

6 year terms

less formal

filibuster and holds

unanimous consent agreements

Standing committee

Permanent

bills start here

holding hearings

edit and markup bills

conduct congressional oversight

Conference committees

are used when two versions of the same bill are compromised upon by the house and senate

log rolling

vote trading

Pork barrel legislation

providing money, jobs, tangible benefits to a congressional district.

Mandatory spending

required by law and can only be changed by new legislation. This includes entitlements and debt

Discretionary spending

Must be approved annually as part of the budget. Makes up about 30 percent of federal budget. Largest area is defense.

Shaw v Reno Held that what type of gerrymandering is not allowed

RACIAL.

Presidential Formal Powers

Treaties, Commander in cheif, veto

Presidential informal powers

executive orders, signing statements, and executive agreements

Fed 70

Argued for a unitary executive, more energetic, and responsive to public opinion

bully Pulpit

Anything the president says or does is news worthy. The president can speak out and bring attention to any issue he wants to.

fed 78

Life terms for federal judges establishes an independent judiciary that can engage in judicial review. This limits corruption.

What are the congressional checks on the Judiciary?

Propose a constitutional amendment

Alter the number of judges on the court

Change the jurisdiction of the courts

impeachment

modified versions of the same law

senate confirmations

Administrative Discretion

Ability of bureaucrats to choose how to implement and

rule making authority

agencies can make regulations that have the power of law

iron triangles

congressional committees, interest groups, bureaucratic agencies.

Establishment Clause

No official religion or preferential treatment for a religion in the United States.

Free Exercise Clause

The right to practice the religion of your choice

Unprotected Speech

Libel, Slander, Obscenity (Speech intended to incite imminent illegal action and likely to produce such as a result)

Protected Speech

Hate speech and symbolic speech

Due Process Clause

No state shall deprive any persons life of life liberty or property without the due process of law.

Selective incorporation

bill of rights has been applied to states on a case by case basis

equal protection clause of the 14th amendment

Everyone is equal therefore they all get the same treatment under the law

Civil rights act of 1964

Banned discrimination based on race color or sex, religion, national origin in public accommodations as well as employment

Voting rights act of 1965

banned literacy tests

Title 9

Banned sex discrimination in school

Political socialization

How people acquire their political beliefs

Generational effects

different voting patterns and political beliefs for people in different generations

lifecycle effects

people focus on different issues during different stages of their life

Benchmark Polls

Used to find out where a candidate stands before any campaign

Tracking poll

continuous poll chart that follows changes in opinion over time

Exit/entrance polls

Taken as people come and leave polling places on election day and they are used to predict the election outcome.

Liberal ideology

Favor increased economic regulation and more social freedoms

Conservative ideology

Favor less economic regulation and support traditional values over social freedoms

Libertarians

Social and economic freedoms at all times no matter what

Keynesian economics

government increases spending during recessions

Supply side economics

cut taxes to fight recessions

Fisical policy

government tax and spending policies conducted by congress and the president

Monetary policy

Influencing the money supply and interest rates done by the federal reserve

15th amendment

race cant be a barrier to voting

19th amendment

sex isnt a barrier to voting

26th amendment

voting age is 18

24th amendment

banned poll taxes