AS-Level CIE Organic Chemistry

All the reactants, conditions and reagents, in organic chemistry.

Cracking: process

breakdown of larger hydrocarbons into smaller, more usable ones

hydrogen + alkene: product

alkane

alkene + steam: product

product: alcohol

alkene + hydrogen halide (g): product

product: major and minor haloalkane based on Markovnikov’s Rule

alkene + halogen: product

product: dihaloalkane

alkene + cold, dilute acidified KMnO₄: product

diol (double bond will break)

alkene with non-hydrogen R groups + hot, concentrated, acidifed KMnO₄: product

ketone

alkene with carbon atom with hydrogen and different R group + hot, concentrated, acidified KMnO₄: product

aldehyde further oxidized to carboxylic acid when heated under reflux

alkene with carbon bonded to two hydrogen atoms + hot, concentrated, acidified KMnO₄: product

carbon dioxide + water

Elimination of HX from halogenoalkane: product

alkene

dehydration of alcohol

product: alkene

alcohol to halogenoalkane: process

reaction: substitution

halogenoalkane + NaOH (aq)

product: alcohol

halogenoalkane + KCN (ethanolic): product

product: nitrile

halogenoalkane + NH₃ (ammonia) in ethanol: product

product: amine

halogenoalkane + silver nitrate (aq) (ethanolic): product

product: alcohol + hydrogen halide

NaOH (ethanolic) + halogenoalkane: products

product: alkene + water + hydrogen halide

Sn1 reaction

secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes

Sn2 reaction

primary and secondary halogenoalkanes

reduction of an aldehyde: product

primary alcohol

reduction of a ketone: product

secondary alcohol

positive result in iodoform test

yellow precipitate of tri-iodomethane formed with the methyl hydroxyl group

reduction of carboxylic acid: product

primary alcohol

hydrolysis of an ester: products

product: carboxylic acid + alcohol

oxidation of primary alcohols: product

product: aldehydes with distillation

oxidation of secondary alcohols: product

product: ketones with distillation

aldehydes with Tollens’ reagent

oxidized to produce silver mirror

ketones with Tollens’ reagent

no change

aldehydes with Fehling’s reagent

blue to red solution (oxidized)

ketone with Fehling’s reagent

solution remains blue (no visible change)

ketone and aldehydes with 2,4-DNPH

red precipitate

aldehydes or ketones + HCN: product

product: hydroxy nitrile

hydrolysis of nitriles: product

product: carboxylic acid

cracking: reagent

Al₂O₃

cracking: condition

heat at high temperature

hydrogen + alkene: process

hydrogenation and electrophilic addition

hydrogen + alkene: reagent and condition

reagent: Ni/Pt catalyst

condition: heat

alkene + steam: process

electrophilic addition

alkene + steam: reagent

H₃PO₄ (phosphoric acid) catalyst

alkene + hydrogen halide (g): process

electrophilic addition

alkene + hydrogen halide (g): condition

room temperature

alkene + halogen: process

electrophilic addition

Elimination of HX from halogenoalkane: reagent and condition

ethanolic NaOH and heat

dehydration of an alcohol: reagent

heated catalyst (Al₂O₃) or concentrated acid

dehydration of an alcohol: process

condenstation

alcohol to halogenoalkane: reagents

reagents: HX or KBr with H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄; or PCl₃ and heat; or PCl₅; or SOCl₂

halogenoalkane + NaOH (aq): process

nucleophilic substitution

halogenoalkane + KCN (ethanolic): process

nucleophilic substitution

halogenoalkane + KCN (ethanolic): condition

heat under reflux

halogenoalkane + NH₃ (ammonia) in ethanol: process

nucleophilic substitution

halogenoalkane + NH₃ (ammonia) in ethanol: condition

heat under pressure

halogenoalkane + silver nitrate (aq) (ethanolic): process

nucleophilic substitution

NaOH (ethanolic) + halogenoalkane: process

elimination

NaOH (ethanolic) + halogenoalkane: condition

heat

reduction of an aldehyde: reagent

reagent: NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄

reduction of an ketone: reagent

reagent: NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄

reduction of carboxylic acid: reagent

LiAlH₄

hydrolysis of an ester: reagents and conditions

dilute acid or alkali and heat

oxidation of primary alcohols: reagents

reagent: acidified potassium dichromate or acidified potassium manganate (VII)

oxidation of secondary alcohols: reagents

reagent: acidified potassium dichromate or acidified potassium manganate (VII)

aldehydes or ketones + HCN: reagent and conditions

reagent: KCN catalyst

condition: heat under reflux

hydrolysis of nitriles: reagent

reagent: dilute acid or dilute alkali followed by acidification