Urinary and Reproductive Systems Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the urinary and reproductive systems, essential for exam preparation.

Angiotensin II

A hormone that raises blood pressure and stimulates thirst.

Aldosterone

A hormone that primarily increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct.

Glomeruli

Tiny capillaries in the kidneys that are vital for filtration; loss of these can reduce kidney efficiency.

Glucosuria

The presence of sugar in the urine, typically indicating untreated diabetes.

Lithotripsy

A medical procedure that shatters kidney stones using shock waves.

Micturition

The process of urination, or the act of expelling urine from the bladder.

Renin

An enzyme that contributes to raising blood pressure as part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Intravesical pressure

Increased pressure within the bladder that is associated with the expulsion of urine.

Tubular reabsorption

The process that moves substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood.

Tubular secretion

The process that moves substances from the blood into the tubular fluid.

Calcitonin

A hormone that lowers blood calcium levels, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

Edema

Excess interstitial fluid accumulation, which causes swelling.

Nocturnal enuresis

Bedwetting; involuntary urination during sleep.

Capacitation

The process that prepares sperm for fertilization; involves changes in sperm head.

Menopause

A stage defined by one year of absence of menstrual cycles.

Metabolic alkalosis

A condition caused by loss of stomach acid, resulting in elevated blood pH.

Cervix

The tubular part of the uterus extending into the upper vagina.

Interstitial fluid

Fluid located between cells that helps transport nutrients and waste.

Secondary sex characteristics

Traits that develop during puberty, influenced by hormones, distinguishing males from females.

Prostate Fluid

Alkaline fluid produced by the prostate that enhances sperm motility.

Vas deferens

The duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

Fornix

The area around the cervix at the top of the vagina.

Urethra

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Thirst Center

Located in the hypothalamus; triggers thirst response due to increased osmotic pressure.