Road to the Crusades

uhhh good luck to you, remember that just going through this is not enough to study, this is just one of your study tools :)

Alexius I Commenus

ended succession wars; inherited nearly bankrupt empire; trying to rebuild his empire; gets the bright idea of borrowing some normans after fighting Guiscard and Sichelgaita; at Piacenza tries to ask for (a “small” papal force of urban knights) announces claremont → turns into first crusades (uh oh)

Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

Persia vs. Arabia; 100,000 persian soldiers (arabians heavily outnumbered); miracle came through for Arabians [a sandstorm] → Arabians won → led to them conquering all of Persia (citizens forced to convert or to die as non-believers)

Battle of Hastings

William vs. Harold Godwinsson; fought upon a hill; very difficult; end result→ Harold is dead, William lost half of his army

Battle of Manzikert

1071; byz. vs turks; romanus put into power explicitly to drive the turks out of Asia minor; launches an army with warrior factions who betray him; deal with armenia armenia, armenian king; everyone turns on romanus, byz. army destroyed; romanus escapes, but gets killed in constantinople; turks overrun asia minor; forces Alexius to eventually get the idea to take back asia minor

Battle of Tours

Charles Martel (France) vs. the Arabs; Martel outnumbered 2:1, but still won; very important battle because it let to Martel being proclaimed “Defender of The Faith” by the Pope → helped jumpstart Carolingian Empire; also Arabs stopped conquest and now seeing that the Arabs were beatable, Visigothic kingdoms and Spain started the Reconquista to take back their land from the Arabs

Battle of Stamford Bridge

Harold Godwinssonn vs. Harald Hadrada (Norse) + Tosti; one berserker held off Harold and his army at the bridge; Harold tried to negotiate separately, offering Tosti his Earldom back, Tosti declined because Hadrada wouldn’t get anything; Harold won → had to run to get to London to fight the Battle of Hastings

Battle of Yarmuk

Arabians vs. Byzantium; again Arabians are outnumbered 3:1, but lack of command [since Heraclius is sick] takes its toll→ Arabians win again!! → to conquer Levant (heavily fortified Byzantium city that was heavily Monophysite), Arabians offered religious freedom in exchange for surrender → it worked

Cluniac Reform Movement

no explicit hierarchy; all the monasteries were just trying to figure out the best way to make this work, getting all info and direction from main monastery at Cluny; started becoming more popular around Europe (much respect and many patrons); Henry III integrated Cluniac members within his church and empire

Corpus Iuris Civilis

3 diff. parts; Codex (every law from Roman history with removed inconsistencies), Digest (legal writings), Institutes (concepts of law for teaching); basis for European legal system

Council of Clermont

end of Urban’s Speaking Tour; addressed clergy and nobility; nobody at the time actually wrote it down; Urban was very nice, but tried to scare the people into serving; leading with telling people all the stuff they done wrong, telling them they are going to hell for it, then offering a solution on how to be better (and to get into heaven) → would help urban build his army to take back the holy land alongside Alexius [red martyrdom] (war is baptism (remission of sin)) literally ignoring the 6th commandment

Council of Piacenza

Urban’s church council; Alexius came to request a papal army to take the Holy Land back from the Turks (in reality he planned to stop at Antioch, and keep land for himself); worked perfectly for Urban as he wanted to use this army [after Alexius was done with it] to turn it onto Henry IV; wildly underestimated the size of the army (10,000 knights)

Decree on Papal Elections

only church members can elect other church members; only cardinals elect pope

Dictatus Papae

Document that states that Popes overrule emperors politically. No government, rank in the Church is the only thing that matters. Pope is basically the new emperor, he holds ultimate power over both Church and Political decisions.

Emperor Henry III

integrated Cluniac members within his church and state → aided the movement through the use of hard power and deposed the corrupt pope, and replaced him with Leo IX

Emperor Henry IV

made the two swords argument [church and state would be separate but equal, and would work together]; claims that Gregory abuses power and has no power over him (says that God called kings to power)

Emperor Heraclius

inherited Byzantine empire at a crisis when Persians reopened war (602); likened to Helios since he looked like a god (aryan features)

Emperor Justinian I

inherited empire young; had big visions and plans; wanted to do a reconquest of the west so that the West + East could together take down Byzantium’s oldest enemy [Persia]

Empress Theodora

Justinian’s wife (lot better than just that); much libel written about her since she came from a lower class family and worked in a circus; publicly hated by ruling classes since she was a woman; was Justinian's fiercest supporter and vice versa

Foundation Charter of Cluny

Duke William II wants his monks to follow St. Benedictine rule (not fully Benedectine, doesn't want them to actually work, so they can focus on prayer); the difference was that church people would get involved in elections (abbots)

Harald Hardrada

king of Norway; very famous general; aided Tosti in “conquering England” as a last campaign for his legacy, known as the last real viking.

Harold Godwinsson

Earl of Wessex who became ruler of all England, de facto ruler under edward the confessor; existence is the entire reason why edward is trying to give the throne away to anyone else; chosen by witan; saxon leader during the events of 1066; battle of stamford bridge; battle of hastings

Hugh of Fleury

says that emperor would give temporal/noble authority and bishop wold give Lay Investiture

Humbert

regarded lay investiture as the root of all evils in the church (hated it); any clergy members who earned their power through simony should be discarded; all bishops had to be chosen by canonical election, not by royal designation; Humbert vs Peter Damian. 2 cardinals, both when Henry III is putting cluniacs in power, any state involvement in church is automatically simony (lay investiture, putting cluniacs in power, etc bc only thing that makes someone a true cluniac is fair elections, any state involvement goes against this)

Imperial Papacy

Church only had soft power; Leo IX wanted to prevent Empire from being able to use hard power against the church; wanted a papal army [“Militia of St. Peter] → needed land and wealth to be able to create a papal state

Islamic Conquests

started with 80,000 men who split in two to conquer Byzantium and Persia separately; conquered Byz., Persia, Syria, Palestine, but failed to take Constantinople

Ivo of Chartres

says that the church should focus only on church-related issues; Lay Investiture is just a ceremony, the controversy is not that deep

Just War Theory

4 main interpretations of it; change throughout history to accommodate what is necessary for the empire

Aristotle and the “Acceptable War”: self-defense, preventing enslavement of state (rebellions too), obtaining empire to benefit the state (gathering of resources/wealth, doesn't matter the financial state of either empire), enslaving non-greeks who deserve it

Roman Law - Causa Belli: came from Rome being a highly legalistic society; peace was not a natural state; if peace contract broken —> war is justified (very loose def. of what breaking it actually meant, ie. lot of war)

Roman Law - Causa Belli: came from Rome being a highly legalistic society; peace was not a natural state; if peace contract broken —> war is justified (very loose def. of what breaking it actually meant, ie. lot of war)

Augustine’s Concept: “War to Combat Sin”; required a just cause like a defensive war or a war to regain lost territory; reconciliation of all Just War theories; adapted strongly over time (especially in 9th and 10th centuries)

King Aethelred II “the Unraed” (noble counsel the poorly counseled)

heavily reliant upon his nobles for authority (who were also unreliable) → Dane’s started attacking again, sensing weakness; culminated in Battle of Maldon, theoretically Saxons should have won but they were untrained, Danes won, Danegeld reinstituted; Aethelred scared that his Norse subjects weren’t loyal so he “ethnically cleansed them all” (St. Brice’s Day Massacre), just made Norse more disloyal

King Cnut

son of Sweyn Forkbeard; after Sweyn died, he came to England to fight again vs. Edmund Ironside [son of Aethelred]; after Aethelred’s death, treaty signed to split the kingdom → Edmund mysteriously died so Cnut became King by default; installed Earls to govern each heptarchy; restored England to prosperity (retrained fyrds, housecarls, etc.)

King Edward the Confessor

last king of old Wessex line; lived most of his live in Normandy; trying to turn country norman, alienates al the people, ultimate goal is to bring cluniac reforms to england but fails oh noo, successfully gets westminster abbey built,hadling of godwinson succession is bad, theoretically the one of the worst kings of england

Lay Investiture

the act of a religious official [bishops typically] being appointed by another religious official to serve in the catholic church; very controversial because of the power struggle as to if the church or the state had the power to do so

Monophysite

held that Christ was entirely divine, fully “god”; chief backer of theirs was Theodora; come in during the Islamic Conquests and get religious freedom in exchange for being conquered

Peace of God

attempt by church to get the comes system/warriors to stop killing; killing of Christians is forbidden (6th commandment of Christianity); didn’t work because the warriors were the ones who had to enforce it (self-regulation didn’t work), also killing and looting is the basis of the comes system

Peter Damian

saw no harm in Lay Investiture (basically thought it was just a ceremony, like Ivo); praised Henry III for eradicating sin from the church; defended the emperor's right to choose a bishop; aid of state in selecting church leaders can be beneficial (thinks that it isn’t simony to do so); peter damian supports the idea that a rightly guided empire can help the church clean things up; hints at two swords

Petrine Doctrine

Pope’s (as Bishops of Rome) would have the same power that Jesus gave Peter

Pope Gregory VII

Gregory had a bone to pick with Henry IV because he did not like lay investiture. He kept addressing letters to Peter and Paul instead of Henry when complaining about him. He seemed crazy because he was literally writing to dead people.

Pope Leo IX

first Cluniac pope, made imperial papacy

Pope Urban II

one of Gregory’s closest advisors; hated Henry IV; proposed to Cardinals alongside Alexius to get an army for Alexius to take back the holy land, so that after he could use it to take down Henry IV (wildly underestimated the size of the army granted); went on a speaking tour asking for financial support

Reform Councils of Leo IX

banned simony; no charge to be part of the church; no switching religions; no priest warfare; no incest

Robert Guiscard

inherited comes (around southern Italy) from his other brother Drogo; married Lombard princess [Sichelgaita]; invaded the Byz. held Balkans (Robert vs. Alexius) → they won; at the end of his life, was the master of southern italy

Roger de Hauteville

norman nobility; youngest of the de Hauteville line; worked alongside his brother Robert; king of sicily; given permission to run sicilian church by gregory the seventh so that he will purge the multi-religious society, but then refuses to because the multi-religious society is making him rich

Simony

the sin of selling church positions for money (or land); became very popular during the turn of the 9th century; ban on it was the center of cluniac reforms

Truce of God

second attempt by the church to stop the comes’ from infringing on the 6th commandment of christianity; you can’t kill on certain dates/times (ex. Sundays and Holy Days); failed again because self-policing didn’t work

Two Swords Argument

suggested by Henry IV; the spiritual and temporal authority will be held separately, but must work together without trying to take more power than the other

William of Normandy

Duke, offered the throne by Edward, denied the throne by the Witan, waged war on England; conqueror; harrows the north; 3rd king chosen by the witan after Harold and Aetheling

Witan

council of Ealdormen and Bishops; would select the kings from the viable candidates