Functional Groups

-N<H₂

Amino: polar, positively charged pH, behaves as a base, hydrophilic

-NH-C=O

Amide: polar, hydrophilic

-COOH

Carboxyl: polar, negatively charged pH, acid behavior, hydrophilic

>C=O

Carbonyl Keto: Polar, hydrophilic, C=O important in carbohydrates & energy reactions

C=O-H

Carbonyl Aldehyde: polar, C=O very reactive, important in building molecules and energy-releasing reactions

-OH

Hydroxyl: polar, hydrophilic

-SH

Sulfhydryl: Polar, forms disulfide bonds (S-S)

-CH3

Methyl: nonpolar, hydrophobic

-OPO₃H₂

Phosphate: polar, negatively charged pH, hydrophilic