Honors Biology - Full Study Guide

Questions and Study Guide

MRS CHEGG

Which phrase best represents the characteristics of life?

DNA or RNA

What type of genetic material must all living organisms have?

They cannot reproduce independently

Why are viruses usually considered nonliving?

They contain genetic material and evolve

Why are viruses considered a gray area between living and nonliving?

Lytic

Which viral cycle causes the host cell to burst and die?

Lysogenic

Which viral cycle allows the virus to stay dormant inside the host cell?

Antibiotics only target bacteria

Why don't antibiotics work on viruses?

Host specificity

Why can viruses infect only certain organisms?

Hooke

Who discovered dead plant cells?

Schleiden

Who concluded that all plants are made of cells?

Schwann

Who concluded that all animals are made of cells?

Virchow

Who stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells?

Prokaryotic

Which type of cell lacks a nucleus?

Bacteria

Which organism is a prokaryote?

One giant circular strand

How is DNA arranged in prokaryotic cells?

Flagella

Which structure allows many prokaryotes to move?

Eukaryotic

Which type of cell contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

Animals and plants

Which organisms are eukaryotic?

Fluid Mosaic

Which model describes the cell membrane's structure?

Some substances pass

What does selectively permeable mean?

Phospholipid bilayer

What makes up the main structure of the cell membrane?

Phosphate head

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Active transport

Which type of transport requires ATP?

Passive transport

Which process moves substances from high to low concentration?

Isotonic

In which solution does an animal cell remain stable?

It shrivels

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

It thrives

What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?

All chemical reactions in a cell

What is metabolism?

Anabolism

Which metabolic process builds complex molecules from simpler ones?

Catabolism

Which metabolic process breaks down large molecules into smaller ones?

Chewing food

What is mechanical digestion?

Enzymes breaking food down

What is chemical digestion?

Lower activation energy

What is the function of enzymes?

Energy needed to start a reaction

What is activation energy?

Thylakoid

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

Sunlight and water

What is required for the light-dependent reactions?

Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

What are products of the light-dependent reactions?

Stroma

Where do light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur?

CO₂, ATP, and NADPH

What enters the Calvin Cycle?

Glucose

What is produced during the Calvin Cycle?

Break down glucose to make ATP

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Glucose + oxygen → CO₂ + water + ATP

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

Cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur?

2

How many ATP are produced during glycolysis?

Mitochondrial matrix

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Cristae

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Electron Transport Chain

Which stage of respiration produces the most ATP?

Fermentation

What occurs when oxygen is unavailable?

Yeast

Which organism performs alcoholic fermentation?

Lactic acid

Which fermentation occurs in human muscle cells?

Genetic blueprint of life

What is DNA?

A, T, C, G

Which nitrogen bases are found in DNA?

A-T and C-G

Which bases pair together in DNA?

Hydrogen

What type of bonds hold nitrogen bases together?

Double helix

What shape is DNA?

Copying DNA into mRNA

What is transcription?

Nucleus

Where does transcription occur?

RNA polymerase

What enzyme builds mRNA during transcription?

Making protein from mRNA

What is translation?

Cytoplasm/ribosome

Where does translation occur?

Protein

What is the final product of translation?

Change in genetic code

What is a mutation?

They can increase survival

Why can mutations be beneficial?

How environment affects gene expression

What does epigenetics study?

Histones

Where are epigenetic tags added?

Genes are turned off

What happens when histones are tightly wound?

Using organisms to benefit humans

What is biotechnology?

PCR

What technology copies DNA?

STR gel electrophoresis

What creates DNA fingerprints?

CRISPR-Cas9

What technology edits genes?

Organism with DNA from another species

What is a transgenic organism?

C. They lower activation energy required.

Which statement best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?

A. They raise activation energy.

B. They permanently change during reactions.

C. They lower activation energy required.

D. They supply energy to cells

D. Nucleotide

A molecule contains a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base. What type of molecule is this?

A. Lipid

B. Protein

C. Carbohydrate

D. Nucleotide

C. Algal bloom → oxygen depletion

Runoff increases nitrogen levels in a pond. What is the most likely long-term effect?

A. Less algae growth

B. More oxygen for fish

C. Algal bloom → oxygen depletion

D. Reduced decomposition

B. Nitrogen cycle

A sudden reduction in decomposers would most affect which cycle?

A. Water cycle

B. Nitrogen cycle

C. Carbon cycle

D. Oxygen cycle

A. Growth and development

Cells dividing to repair damaged tissue demonstrates which characteristic?

A. Growth and development

B. Response to stimuli

C. Energy use

D. Reproduction

D. Homeostasis

Explanation: Homeostasis maintains internal balance.

A mouse keeps its temperature stable. What process is this?

A. Metabolism

B. Evolution

C. Organization

D. Homeostasis

B. Has a nucleus

Explanation: Nucleus = eukaryotic cell.

Which evidence best shows a cell is eukaryotic?

A. Lacks organelles

B. Has a nucleus

C. Performs photosynthesis

D. Has cytoplasm

C. Needs high energy

Explanation: More mitochondria = more ATP demand.

A cell has many mitochondria. What does this suggest?

A. Stores water

B. Produces proteins

C. Needs high energy

D. Divides rapidly

C. Water leaves the cell

Explanation: Hypertonic = water exits.

9. A cell shrinks in a hypertonic solution because—

A. Water enters the cell

B. Solute enters the cell

C. Water leaves the cell

D. Solute leaves the cell

C. Moving against gradient

Explanation: Going low→high needs ATP

Why does active transport require energy?

A. Random movement

B. Water crossing membrane

C. Moving against gradient

D. Moving high→low

D. Light-dependent reactions

Explanation: Light reactions supply energy for glucose.

A plant in dim light makes less glucose. Which process is affected?

A. Cellular respiration

B. Calvin cycle

C. Glycolysis

D. Light-dependent reactions

B. Anaerobic respiration

Explanation: Low oxygen → anaerobic ATP.

During sprinting, what ATP method increases?

A. Aerobic respiration

B. Anaerobic respiration

C. DNA replication

D. Photosynthesis

A. Less ATP

Explanation: Mitochondria make ATP.

If mitochondria fail, what occurs?

A. Less ATP

B. Less DNA

C. More glucose

D. More proteins

D. Genetic code redundant

Explanation: Multiple codons = same amino acid.

A mutation changes one DNA base but same amino acid made. Why?

A. All mutations harmful

B. Protein determines DNA

C. RNA fixes errors

D. Genetic code redundant

C. Frameshift mutation

Explanation: Frameshift alters downstream codons.

A deletion removes one base. What effect occurs?

A. No effect

B. One amino acid changes

C. Frameshift mutation

D. DNA repairs itself

A. DNA copied to RNA

Explanation: DNA cannot leave nucleus.

Why must transcription occur first?

A. DNA copied to RNA

B. Protein enters nucleus

C. Ribosomes make DNA

D. RNA makes ATP

B. mRNA carries code to ribosome

Explanation: Central dogma: DNA→RNA→protein.

Relationship between DNA, mRNA, protein?

A. DNA leaves nucleus

B. mRNA carries code to ribosome

C. Protein copies DNA

D. Ribosomes make DNA

B. Photosynthesis releasing On

Explanation: Photosynthesis releases On.

Elodea forms bubbles in bright light. What is occurring?

A. Respiration releasing COn

B. Photosynthesis releasing On

C. Osmosis increasing

D. Fermentation

D. Ribosome & mitochondria

Explanation: Ribosome→protein, mitochondria→ATP.

A cell cannot make proteins or ATP. Which organelles impacted?

A. Chloroplast & vacuole

B. Nucleus & centriole

C. Ribosome & lysosome

D. Ribosome & mitochondria

B. Osmosis

Explanation: Osmosis moves water into roots

Which process explains water entering plant roots?

A. Diffusion

B. Osmosis

C. Active transport

D. Endocytosis