Really Sad HSP3U1 - CagyImp

Hypothesis

a tentative assumption made from known facts as the basis for investigation

Informant

a reliable and knowledgable person who provides specific information to an anthropologist studying his or her community

Ethnology

the study of the origins and cultures of different races and peoples

Kinship

the relationship between two or more people that is based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

Participant Observation

the careful watching of a group, in some cases living with its members and participating in their culture

Ethnography

the written account of a culture

Subjective

type of conclusions shaped by a persons cultural and personal perspective, feelings, and beliefs

Reflexivity

the practice of reflecting on your own world view, biases, and impact on the culture you are studying

Ethnocentric

believing that ones own culture is superior to all others

Culturally Constructed

created or shaped by a culture

Subculture

a small group within a larger group who shares a common system of values, beliefs, attitudes, behaviours, and lifestyle distinct from those of the larger group

Hominin

a human or human ancestor

Fossil

preserved remains of biological matter

Radiometric Dating

a process that is used to determine the age of an object based on measuring the amount of radioactive material it has

Bipedalism

the trait of habitually on two legs

Psychodynamic Theory

an approach to therapy that focuses on resolving a patients conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings

Psychoanalytic Theory

Sigmund Freud's theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life

Unconscious

information processing in our mind that we are not aware of; according to Freud, it holds our unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories; according to Jung, it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all

Conscious

information that we are always aware of; our conscious mind performs the thinking when we take in new information

Ego

Freud's term for the rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle

Id

Freud's term for the instinctual part of the mind, which operates our pleasure principle

Superego

Freud's term for the moral centre of the mind

Defence Mechanism

the ego's way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety

Repression

a process in which unacceptable desires or impulses are excluded from consciousness and left to operate in the unconscious

Denial

a defence mechanism whereby a person refuses to recognize or acknowledge something that is painful

Displacement

the shift of an emotion from its original focus to another object, person, or situation

Free Association

a method used in psychoanalysis where a patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

Projection

a defence mechanism whereby a person attributes their own threatening impulses onto someone else

Neo-Freudians

psychologists who modified Freud's psychoanalytic theory to include social and cultural aspects

Neurotic Disorder

a mental disorder involving anxiety and fear

Analytical Psychology

a branch of psychology founded by Carl Jung, based on the idea that balancing a persons psyche would allow the person to reach his or her full potential

Collective Unconscious

the shared, inherited pool of memories from our ancestors

Archetypes

universal symbols that tend to reappear over time

Personality

an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Unconditioned Response

the natural response to an unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Conditioned Stimulus

an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditional stimulus

Conditioned Response

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Classical Conditioning

type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus

Operant Conditioning

a type of learning that uses rewards and punishments to achieve a desired behaviour

Extinction

in operant conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response due to a lack of reinforcement

Self-actualization

reaching ones full potential; occurs only after basic physical and psychological meeds are met

Logoherapy

a form of psychotherapy that tries to help the patient find the aim and meaning of his or her own life as a human being without accessing the medical aspect of mental health

Client-Centred Therapy

humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client plays an active role

Cognition

the mental processes in the brain associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering

Fixation

the continued focus on an earlier stage of psychosocial development due to an unresolved conflict at the oral, anal, or phallic stage

Identity Crisis

a time in a teenagers life filled with extreme self-consciousness as he or she attempts to test and integrate various roles

Neuroscientist

a scientist who specializes in the study of the human brain

Cerebrum

the largest and most developed portion of the brain, which is responsible for controlling memory, understanding and logic

Correlation

a measure that indicates a relationship between two factors but does not indicate causation; in a positive correlation, one variable goes up precisely as the other goes up; in a negative correlation, one variable goes up precisely as the other goes down

Ritual

Prescribed behaviour in which there is no real connection between the actions and the desired outcome.

Rite of Passage

A ceremony, ritual, or event that marks an individuals passage from one stage of life to another

Liminal Stage

The second stage in a rite of passage, when the initiate is in a state of transition between the old and the new

Identity Moratorium

A status in which the adolescent is in crisis and unable to accomplish tasks necessary to becoming an adult, and explores other youth subcultures.

Technological Diffusion

The adoption by one culture of a technology invented by another culture

Perception

The process of how an individual takes in information visually and with the other senses

Euphemism

A word or set of words used to indirectly describe an uncomfortable or inappropriate concept or idea in a socially acceptable way

Reciprocity

An economic system of formal and informal sharing among members of a society to distribute resources fairly

Horticulture

A form of semi-nomadic agriculture

Redistribution

An economic system of collecting resources centrally and handing them out among the members of a society

Potlatch

A sacred ceremony of First Nations peoples on the Northwest coast of North America in which property is given away to enhanced status

Wage Labour

Work for which wages are paid

Globalization

The process by which economies, societies, and cultures become integrated through a worldwide network.

Matrilineal

A kinship system in which people trace their ancestry through their mothers

Patrilineal

A kinship system in which people trace their ancestry through their fathers

Bilineal

A kinship system in which people trace their ancestry through both their mothers and their fathers

Lineage

All the male relatives in a family that can be traced back to one common direct ancestor

Clan

A group of several lineages in a patrilineal or matrilineal society in which people are related but cannot always trace exact relationships

Monogamy

A relationship where an individual has one partner. Serial monogamy refers to monogamous relationships that occur one after another

Polygamy

A form of marriage that involved multiple partners

Bridewealth

A cultural system where the groom must pay a father in order to marry his daughter

Meta-Analysis

A study combining the results of many other studies

Self-Enhancment

The belief that you are more competent and generally better than toy actions and behaviours indicate

Explicit cultural knowledge

Information about a culture that is easily explained

Tacit Cultural Knowledge

Information about a culture that the people within the culture or organization know but have difficulty explaining

Etic perspective

the point of view of an outside to a culture

Emic Perspective

The point of view of an insider of a culture

Naive Realism

The belief that everyone else defines the world in the same way you do

Taboo

A restriction on behaviour to help ensure a good outcome

Fetish (spiritual)

A specific object believed to have magical powers

Heredity

Physical characteristics and aspects of a personality and behaviour that are passed down genetically from your relatives

DNA

The molecule that carries genetic information in all living systems and provide the most basic explanation of the laws of genetics

Intelligence

A person's ability to solve problems and reason effectively; a social construct used to explain why some people are better than others at cognitive tasks

Extroversion

Directing one's interest outward, especially towards social constructs

Introversion

Directing one's interests inward

Factor Analysis

A statistical technique that identifies patterns or related test items (factors)

Gender Identity

An individual's sense of being male or female

Instinct theory

The theory that involuntary and unlearned processes direct our behaviours

Drive-Reduction Theory

The idea that our psychological needs great drive that need to be reduced, which motivates us to satisfy this need

Intrinsic Motivation

Desire to preform a task for its own sake

Extrinsic Motivation

Desire to preform a task due to external factors, such as a reward or the threat of punishment

Negative Bias

The tendency to recall and react to unpleasant events more easily than positive ones

Cognitive Dissonance

The theory that people are motivated to reduce the discomfort they feel when their behaviour doesn't match their attitude

Attribution Theory

The belief that a persons behaviours is the result of his or her disposition or an external situation

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of social influences when analyzing the behaviours of others

Psychotic Disorder

A broad term that indicates severe mental disorder characterized by a break from reality

Phobia

Anxiety about a specific object, activity, or situation

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A type of anxiety disorder characterized by the reliving of a traumatic event through flashbacks and nightmares

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A type of developmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and overactivity

Cyberpsychology

A new field of psychology that studies the influences of technology on people and the ways it can be used to treat mental illness