🫁 Respiratory system (lecture portion 25% + Quizes 50%)

CH: 22 (Exam 3)

Name the 4 processes of respiration

1. Pulmonary ventilation

2. External respiration

3. Transport

4. Internal respiration

1. What is the action of pulmonary ventilation

Breathing- The process of moving air in and out of the lungs

2. What is the action of external respiration

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood capillaries

what is the action of transport (Ext. Res)

• O2 from the alveoli → blood (Blood is now oxygenated)

• CO2 from the blood→ Alveoli (Alveoli recieves CO2 for expiration)

What is the action of internal respiration

The exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the body's tissues.

what is the action of transport (Int.. Res)

• O2 from the blood → Tissues                             (Tissues are now supplied with O2)

• CO2 from the Tissues→ Blood                       (Blood recieves CO2 for Ext. Res)

The Zone of the respiratory system responsible for filtering, humidifying, and warming the air before it participates in gas exchange.

conducting zone

The conduction zone takes place from ____ all the way through the ______

• External nares (nostrils)

• Terminal bronchioles

What is the last tube before gas exchange

the terminal bronchioles

The zone of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs

Respiratory zone

The respiratory zone takes place from ____ all the way through the ____, _____, _____

• respiratory bronchioles

• alveolar

The first tube where gas exchange occurs

respiratory bronchiole.

What is gas exchange by partial pressure gradient

The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the respiratory membrane from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure,

Whos Law states that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.

Daltons Law of Partial Pressure

What is oxygens partial pressure (PO2) in the alveoli

104 mmHg

What is oxygens partial pressure (PO2) in the Arteries

100 mmHg

What is oxygens partial pressure (PO2) in the tissues

40 mmHg

What is oxygens partial pressure (PO2) in the Veins

40 mmHg

In external respiration when the alveoli passes O2 to the capillary, what is the PO2?

104 mmHg

In Internal respiration when the Tissues have consumed the O2 ,what is the PO2?

40 mmHg

what is the right shift (Borh effect)

How the body dilivers more O2 when needed ( such as during excersie)

O2 is 98% saturated on hemoglobin at a PO2 of _____mmHg (________)

100mmHg (Arteries)

• Normal Arterial CO2 is: ______mmHg

• Normal pH of blood is: ______pH

• 40 mmHg

• 7.4 pH

When a right shift in the oxygen hemoglobin curves happens, What happens to those CO2 levels

increase, indicating greater CO2 retention.

• Increased Arterial CO2 is: ______mmHg

• increased pH of blood is: ______pH

• 80 mmHg

• 7.2 pH

The effects of the right shift:

• Decreases the _______ of hemoglobin for ___

affinity (bond), oxygen

when the decreased affinity of hemoglobin for O2 occurs, It causes the hemoglobin to release more O2 where?

active tissues.

The factors of the right shift:

__ CO2

__ H+

__ pH

__ Body Temp

↑ CO2

↑ H+

↓ pH

↑ Body Temp

All of these do what to the bond of Hemoglobin = O2

↑ CO2

↑ H+

↓ pH

↑ Body Temp

decrease the affinity

What are the 3 transporations of CO2 in the blood and their %

1. Dissolved in plasma (7-10%)

2. Bound to hemoglobin (20-23%)

3. As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) (70%)

• as bicarbonate leaves the RBC What moves in in order to maintain electricle neutrality?

• This is known as what?

• Chloride ions (Cl-)

• The chloride shift

The respiratory membrane consist of what 3 things

1. the alveolar epithelium

2. the capillary endothelium

3. their fused basement membranes

The fused basement membranes must be _______ micrometers for diffusion

0.5 -1 micrometer

What is alveoli surface tension

The inward pulling by liquid molecules at the surface of the alveoli

how is alveoli surface tension solved

surfactant

what does surfactant do

It reduces surface tension in the alveoli, by breaking the strong bond of the liquid molecules

What kind of cells secrete surfactant

Type II alveolar cells

What kind of cells are for gas exchange

Type I alveolar cells

What is the name of the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

The pleura

Which layer of the pleura is the inner layer , attached to the lungs

Visceral pleura

Which layer of the pleura is the outer layer, attached to the wall of the thoratic cavity

Parietal pleura

what is the name in between the visceral and parietal pleura

The pleural cavity, containing pleural fluid

what is pleura surface tension

The cohesive force between pleural fluid that acts as an adhesive holding the visceral and parietal layers together

The pleural fluid prevents the lungs from ____

collapsing and reduces friction during breathing.

How is breathing is achieved 

Manipulating the size of the thoratic cavity to create pressure differences

What does boyles law indicate

↑ Volume = ↓ Pressure

↓ Volume = ↑ pressure

if Air (760mmHg) moves naturally from an area of High Pressure to an area of Low,

we must change the _____ in our chest to change the ____________, forcing air to move in and out

volume; Internal pressure

INSPIRATION

__ Volume (thoratic cavity)

__ Pressure (Intrapulmonary pressure ____below atmospheric pressure)

__ Diaphragm

__External Intercostals

_____ Requires muscle contraction

↑ Volume (thoratic cavity)

↓ Pressure (Intrapulmonary pressure DROPS below atmospheric pressure)

Moves down Diaphragm

pulls ribs up/out External Intercostals

Active Requires muscle contraction

EXSPIRATION

__ Volume (thoratic cavity)

__ Pressure (Intrapulmonary pressure ____below atmospheric pressure)

__ Diaphragm

__External Intercostals

_____ Relies of muscle relaxation/recoil

↓ Volume (thoracic cavity)
↑ Pressure (Intrapulmonary pressure RISES above atmospheric pressure)
Moves up Diaphragm
pulls ribs down/in External Intercostals
Passive Relies on muscle relaxation/recoil

Forced Expiration (e.g., blowing out candles): An Active process involving contracting the

• Abdominal Muscles (which push the diaphragm up further)

• Internal Intercostals (which pull the ribs down and in)

Forced Inspiration (e.g., a deep gasp): Uses Secondary Muscles in the neck and chest,

• .

• .

• .

• Scalenes

• Sternocleidomastoid

• Pectoralis Minor

what are 3 Physical Factors Influencing Ventilation

1. Airway Resistance

2. Alveolar Surface Tension

3. Lung Compliance

Lung compliance can be diminished in what 3 ways

1. Non-elastic scar tissue (fibrosis)

2. ↓ production of surfactant

3. ↓ flexability of thoratic cage due to aging

Hypoxia

↓ oxygen in the tissues.

Eupenea

The normal, unlabored breathing

dyspnea

Difficulty or labored breathing.

hyperpnea

excessive breathing.

orthopnea

Difficulty breathing while lying flat, often relieved by sitting up.

Atelectasis

Collapsed lung

phneumothorax

A condition in which air enters the pleural space, leading to lung collapse.

Obstructive diseases (COPD) is the difficulty getting air ___

difficulty getting air OUT

Name 3 COPD

1. emphysema,

2. asthma.

3. bronchitis

emphysema

The destruction of alveoli, leading to trapped airflow .

emphysema leads to what kind of chest

Inflatted chest (barrel chest)

Asthma

inflamed airways, resulting in wheezing

What are the 2 types of asthma

Extrinsic asthma and Intrinsic asthma

Define

• Extrinsic asthma

• Intrinsic asthma

• Extrinsic asthma : Alergic reaction

• Intrinsic asthma : triggered by stress or panic

Bronchitis

inflammation of the blungs

Restrictive Diseases Is difficulty getting air __

difficulty getting air IN

Nme 2 restrictive diseases

1. Pneumonia

2. Broken rib

Pneumonia

Fluid in the lungs, restricts expansion

How is a broken rib classified as restrictive disease

restrict the expansion of the chest wall during breathing,

PRACTICE QUESTION

1.No exchange of gases occurs here.

• Type I alveolar cells

• Respiratory bronchioles

• Segmental/tertiary bronchi

• Alveolar ducts

• Segmental/tertiary bronchi

2.The respiratory zone of the lungs begins with the ___________________.

• Alveolar duct

• Segmental bronchi

• Type II cells

• Respiratory bronchioles

• Respiratory bronchioles

3.Which of the following cells are composed of simple squamous epithelium?

• Respiratory bronchioles

• Type I Alveolar cells

• Type II Alveolar cells

• Alveolar ducts

• Type I Alveolar cells

4.Most alveoli are clustered around which of the following tubes?

• Segmental bronchi

• Alveolar duct

• Respiratory bronchioles

• Type I cells

• Alveolar duct

5.Which of the processes below is completed by a system other than the respiratory system?

• pulmonary ventilation

• external respiration

• transport of respiratory gases

• internal respiration

• transport of respiratory gases

6.The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

• secrete surfactant

• replace mucus in the alveoli

• protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

• trap dust and other debris

• secrete surfactant

7.Complete the following statement using the choices below.Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

• greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

• greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.

• equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.

• less than the pressure in the atmosphere.

• greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

8.Unlike inspiration, quiet or normal expiration is a passive act because muscular contractions are not involved. Normal expiration depends on two factors.Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

• the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall

• combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli

• the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant

• the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

• the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

9.Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

• surface tension of water

• cartilage rings

• pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

• surfactant

• pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

10.Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

• alveolar ducts

• alveolar sacs

• respiratory bronchioles

• alveoli

• alveoli

1.Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

• interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

• humidifying the air before it enters

• protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

• warming the air before it enters

• interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

2.For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

• The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.

• 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

• between 5 and 6 micrometers thick

• at least 3 micrometers thick

• 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

3.The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is due to which of the following chemicals?

• pH

• carbon dioxide

• calcium

• oxygen

• carbon dioxide

4.Each of the following will result in inspiration or an increase in the respiratory rate. Which of the following is the exception?

• increased movement as detected by receptors in the muscles and joints

• inflation of the lungs

• increased carbon dioxide levels as detected by the chemoreceptors in the brain stem

• an increased hydrogen ion concentration as detected by the chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotids

• inflation of the lungs

5.All of the following statements are true. Which of the following is the exception?

• During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid.

• The descent of the diaphragm during inspiration may result in expansion of the abdominal cavity.

• It is common for the thoracic wall to become less compliant as we age.

• Respiratory rate is lower in newborn infants than it is in adults.

• Respiratory rate is lower in newborn infants than it is in adults.

6.Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

• compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

• the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

• the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

• compliance and transpulmonary pressures

• the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

7.Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2and dispose of CO2?

• the transport of respiratory gases through the vessels of the body

• each of these are processes necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2

• pulmonary ventilation

• external respiration

• internal respiration

• each of these are processes necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2

8.Which of the following determines lung compliance?

• flexibility of the thoracic cage and intercostal rigidity

• airway opening and tracheal cartilages

• muscles of inspiration and expiration

• alveolar surface tension and extensibility of the lung tissue

• alveolar surface tension and extensibility of the lung tissue

9.Tidal volume is air ________.

• exchanged during normal breathing

• forcibly expelled after normal expiration

• inhaled after normal inspiration

• remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

• exchanged during normal breathing

10.Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

• solubility in water

• molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

• the temperature

• the difference in the partial pressures of the gas between each location (i.e. capillary/alveoli - etc.) 

• the difference in the partial pressures of the gas between each location (i.e. capillary/alveoli - etc.) 

1.Each of the following is a stimulus for breathing except ____________________.

• arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg

• rising carbon dioxide levels

• rising blood pressure

• a lowered arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention

2.The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

• reserve air

• inspiratory reserve

• expiratory reserve

• vital capacity

3.Which statement about CO2is incorrect?

• CO2 accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.

• More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

• The CO2 concentration is greater in venous blood than arterial blood.

• The CO2 concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.

4.Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs via which process?

• active transport

• osmosis

• diffusion

• filtration

5.Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

• The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.

• The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.

• The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.

• The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.

6.Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

• external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

• diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

• diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

• internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

7.How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

• chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells

• as the bicarbonate ion

• as carbonic acid

• chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin