Ch. 10: Respiratory System

what are the functions of the respiratory system? (4)

• smell

• vocal sound and quality

• filter, warm, and moisten air

• exchange of gases (co2 and oxygen)

what is the pathway of air through the respiratory system?

nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → 2 bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

dogs’ olfactory complex is ___ times greater than humans’

40

what are the small, muscular, tree-like tubes in the lungs?

bronchioles

what are the groups of air sacs covered in capillaries where gas is exchanged in the lungs?

alveoli

alveoli and capillaries are both made of a _____ layer of _____ cells

single, epithelial

what molecule is found in RBCs that carries most of the oxygen around the body?

hemoglobin

what does oxygen bind to on hemoglobin molecules?

hemoglobin has 4 irons. 1 oxygen binds to 1 iron. hemoglobin then carries 4 oxygens.

what are the conditions in the lungs (3) that allow efficient oxygen binding?

• high oxygen levels

• neutral-basic pH

• cooler temps

what are the conditions in the body tissues that allows for oxygen to be released where it is needed in active tissues? explain why active body cells/tissues would have a lower pH.

• low oxygen levels

• more acidic pH (from lactic acid due to anaerobic metabolism)

• warmer temps

where is most carbon dioxide (in a changed form) carried in the blood back to the lungs to be exhaled?

blood plasma

why can’t RBCs carry a lot of CO2?

there would be competition for binding space with the oxygen

what is emphysema?

damage to the alveoli, reducing surface area, causing difficulty breathing/not being able to get enough oxygen

what can cause emphysema?

smoking, working in coal mines, air pollution

is emphysema reversible?

no. it is permanent

how many major types of influenza viruses are there? name them

3 - A, B, and C

we need yearly vaccinations for influenza. explain why using the concept of antigenic drift.

the flu’s surface spikes mutates regularly (antigenic drift)

what is antigenic drift?

yearly, small-scale changes in surface proteins (spikes)

what is antigenic shift as it relates to the influenza virus and why it is worrisome to humans?

large scale changes in surface as a result of mixing more than one flu virus. people have no immunity to these strains, leading to more sickness, death, and pandemics

antigenic shift only happens with influenza type ___ because this strain can occur in humans AND _____

A, animals

human and duck flu strains mix together in a pig and reinfect a human. this is an example of:

antigenic shift

why is the flu vaccine more effective some years than others?

they pick what strains they think will be most common, and they can’t always be right

what type of infectious agent results in the flu? the cold?

both the flu and the cold result from viruses

why is it hard to make a vaccination against the common cold?

there are 100-200 different kinds of viruses that cause the common cold, so it is impossible to make a vaccine that is effective

describe what covid-19 is using type of infectious agent, how it is spread, some common symptoms

infectious agent: virus

symptoms: dry cough, shortness of breath, fever, flu like symptoms, loss of taste/smell

spread through respiratory droplets

what makes covid so much more dangerous than the flu?

it may affect cardiovascular system

how many people had died of covid-19 in the US?

as of march 1, 2024, 1.2 million people have died from covid in the US

what is the current vaccination rate in Ohio, the US or the world? will any of these likely confer herd immunity based on what we talked about it class in Chapter 9?

most states are between 60-80% vaccinated, which will not likely confer herd immunity

do tobacco products result in just a couple of types of cancers, one type or many types?

many!

every ____ cigarettes smoked causes ___ DNA mutation per lung cell

50 cigarettes for 1 DNA mutation

smoking increases risk of: (5)

cancer, osteoporosis, heart disease, stroke, emphysema

what percent of people with lung cancer are current or former smokers?

90%

on average how many years of life do smokers lose compared to nonsmokers?

10 yrs

__% of adults over 18 still smoke

20%

smoking cigarettes is known to cause ___% of lung cancers and ____ cancers total

87% of lung cancers, 1/3 cancers total

what is secondhand smoke? thirdhand smoke? are either thought to be harmful?

secondhand smoke: smoke inhaled involuntarily from tobacco being smoked by others

thirdhand smoke: poisonous residues that stick to surfaces and objects after smoke clears

yes, both are thought to be very harmful

what might be a new threat against lung health?

vaping