Chapter 14 WW2 part 2

Individual Rights

powers or privileges' a person is entitled to that cannot be infringed upon by government

National Security

Providing safety for a country by defending it against invasion, espionage, sabotage or control by foreign powers

Individual Rights are absolute not relative

could be limited for a period of time

What is the balance between individual rights, national security, and the common good?

There are 4 times when our rights can be limited

Criteria commonly used to determine the limits placed on induvial rights

1. National Security

2. Clear and Present danger

3. Public Safety

4. Libel

5. Slander

Libel

printing false statements that harms one’s reputation

Slander

Speaking a false statement to harm one’s reputation

Pearl Harbor’s impact on Japanese Americans living in U.S

\-Fear about National Security especially West Coast

\-Gripped by fear of further attacks or that Japanese living in America would help enemy

\-American Public- widespread hysteria panic

Executive Order #9066

Empowered the U.S Army to divide the West Cost into military zones from which all persons of Japanese ancestry were excluded

How many people of Japanese ancestry were living on the West Coast at the time?

122,000 people 77,000 of those were American citizens living in California, Washington, Oregon

Internment

refers to the forced relocation of a group of people, to intern means to confine impound seize or hold, lost personal liberties, most homes, businesses, property

Korematsu vs. United States

Japanese Americans who challenged the governments actions but the supreme court upheld the legality of government’s actions

espionage

spy secretly

How many internment camps were established after Pearl Harbor?

10 camps

Name the states where they are located?

1. Idaho

2. Utah

3. Wyoming

4. Arizona

5. California

6. Arkansas

7. Colorado

Describe the Internment camps

• Families lived in substandard housing, inadequate nutrition and health care

• destroyed livelihoods (lost businesses and jobs)

• many suffered physiologically long after release

• barbed wire and armed guards surrounded camps

• lived in cramped quarters and had few furnishings

Desert Camps

evacuees met severe temperature extremes, winter reached -35 degrees below zero, summer brought temperatures as high as 115 degrees, wildlife: rattlesnakes added danger and discomfort

Japan was facing what problem

Limited space, islands were very crowded

Japan took Manchuria (province of China)

Japan wanted to expand territory for greater wealth, more resources, and living space.

China also provided Japan with a buffer region to protect them from the Soviet Union

lasted till the end of WW2

Japanese continued brutal aggression against china

Japan had a shortage of natural resources like oil. Japan also had a dream of owning their own colonies

String of Impressive Japanese victories after Peral Harbor

• American Controlled Wake Island

• American Controlled Guam

• British island of Hong Kong

• British colony of Malaya

• Dutch East Indies

• British Controlled Borneo

• British controlled Burma

• British colony of Singapore

Fighting Conditions in the Pacific

• Thick forests and jungles

• sand

• brutal heat and humidity above 100 degrees

• hunger

• insects

• rainforests and hellish volcanic wastelands

• sharks, barracuda, sea snakes, razor sharp coral

Major Japanese target: American-Controlled Islands of the Philippines

General Douglas MacArthur was sent down to take command of the vital U.S bases in the summer of 1941

attack began hours after Pearl Harbor U.S had their first taste of tropical Warfare

Macarthur was ordered to leave his men in March 1942

American Sec. of War Henry Stimson said, “There are times when men have to die”

MacArthur said I shall return but when he did it was too late

Bataan Death March

After the surrender, 76,000 exhausted prisoners were marched 60 miles for 5 days and nights with no food or water. Japanese forced the already starving and sick soldiers to march through streaming forests of Bataan to POW camps. Whoever attempted to steal food or water was shot

Doolittle’s Raid

America’s Revenge for Pearl Harbor

First Raids on the Japanese mainland. 16 American B 25 bombers with 5 men crews took off from the aircraft carrier, USS Hornet and raided Tokyo and several other Japanese cities

Battle of Midway

Midway was an American-held island that was important supply point between Hawaii and Japan

A turning point in the pacific

The U.S sank 4 Japanese carriers and 200 airplanes one of the most decisive victories

Japan lost naval superiority

Japanese plan of midway

Architect of the Japanese plan at Midway was once again, Yamamoto the plan was to attack American-held Midway island hoping to lure the American fleet into area ambush and destroy them

Japanese Advantage of Midway

8 carriers, 22 cruisers, numerous battleships

American Advantage of Midway

U.S naval intelligence intercepted Japanese signals and broke their code, Americans learned the plans, dates, and directions

U.S Strategy of Midway

U.S Admiral Chester Nimitz carefully placed 3 carriers 300 miles north of Midway. To prevent Japanese troops from landing and avoid contact of larger fleet. As Japanese raced back to refuel Americans bombed them

Chester Nimitz

a U.S admiral who was involved with Midway Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet

Henry Stimson

U.S Security of War who order MacArthur to get out

Island Hopping

Allied Counter-Offensive

MacArthur’s plan to leapfrog from island to island moving closer to Japan each island taken was used as an Army base to strike the next target

Navajo Code Talkers

400 Native Americans of the Navajo nation served in the Marines as code talkers. Their job was to translate messages into coded versions of the Navajo language so the Japanese could not crack it

Battle of Leyte Gulf

1st action in the Philippines, Japanese knew that without control of the Gulf they could not hold the Philippines, without their supply line to the oilfield in the East Indie would be cut largest naval battle Allies fought

Kamikaze “divine Wind”

desperate move on Japan’s part crashing into enemy ships, called suicide missions, pilots were given white headbands like the samurai warriors or old

Iwo Jima “Sulfur Island”

a tiny volcanic island 750 miles south of Tokyo, Allies wanted it to provide a base to launch B-29’s off of

miles of tunnels, caves, and concreate bunkers

Mount Suribachi

tallest point on Iwo Jima, extinct volcano on the Southern tip

Joe Rosenthal

took a picture of the six men who hoisted the American flag

B-29 bomber

called the super fortress; 100 feet long; 141 feet wing span; could fly long distances, used to bomb Tokyo and were used to drop A-bombs

Okinawa (Iceberg)

82 days were spent there, volcanic, 67 miles long and honey combed with caves, U.S used flame throwers to wipe out caves of men, civilians jumped from windows to fall to their deaths, leaders of Japanese forces committed suicide Ushimia and Sho

Potsdam Conference

In Germany and FDR had died, Churchill was voted out of office, Stalin was the only original member, agreed to spilt Germany into sectors, Stalin showed no sign of free elections

Clement Atlee

the new Prime Minister of Great Britain

Harry Truman

President after FDR passed away

Manhattan Project

Top secret American program to build an atomic bomb

Laboratories were located in Los Alamos, New Mexico

Began in 1939 under U.S Corps of Engineers led by Lesley Groves

Scientific research led by Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

Lesley Groves

Led U.S Corps of Engineers for the Manhattan Project

Dr. Robert J. Oppenheimer

Director of the scientific research

after the bomb was dropped he said “I am become death, the shatter of worlds.”

Operation Downfall

plan to land on Japan and take over country was option 1

option 2 drop the bombs

“Little Boy”

A uranium bomb, the first bomb dropped

lifted off from Tinian Island in a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay after Col. Paul Tibbets mother the best U.S military Pilot

Target was the city of Hiroshima

Col. Paul Tibbets

The best U.S military bomber pilot

Mom’s name was Enola Gay

“Fat Man”

Plutonium bomb, 2nd bomb

Lifted of Tinian Island in a B-29 named Bock’s Car

Pilot was Charles Sweeny on Nagasaki

Impact of Dropping the Atomic Bomb

1. Brought the Beginning of Nuclear Age

2. Introduced a new weapon that would forever change the nature of war

3. Altered the balance of power as the U.S gained the status of “superpower”

V-J Day

Victory in Japan Day Japan surrendered aboard the U.S.S Missouri in Tokyo Bay

War Trials

Japanese war crime trials were held in Tokyo

Hideki Tojo was executed

Potsdam Declaration

Terms to surrender

told Japan if they do not surrender now then they will face unbelievable destruction

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan “the war situation has developed…, moreover the enemy had begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to damage is indeed incalculable, taking a toll on many innocent lives”

How was this grave injustice against the Japanese ratified

Civil Liberties Act of 1988

Ronald Reagan

Awarded $20,000