THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

The Appendicular Skeleton

consists of limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

pectoral girdle

consists of clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)

limbs allow for the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Clavicle

holds arm away from top of thorax

helps prevent shoulder dislocation

caves in medially when broken

Bones of shoulder girdle

acromion

coracoid

suprascapular notch

acromion

connects to clavicle

AC joint

coracoid

anchors arm muscles

suprascapular notch

nerve passage

bones of pectoral girdle

free movement

held in place by frunk muscles

sternoclavicular joint

shallow glenoid cavity

humerus

arm

long bone

tubercles

hold muscles on humerus

deltoid tuberosity

deltoid muscle

radial groove

radial nerve

trochlea

capitulum articulates w bone of forearm

interosseus

membrane, connects two bones together

ulna

consists of radial tuberosity, coronoid and olecranon and trochlear notch

radial tuberosity

triceps and biceps attachment

coronoid and olecranon

grip trochlea

8; 2

_carpals _ irregular rows

metacarpals

palm

phalanges

fingers

bones of pelvic girdle

hip bones

bones within hip bones

ilium, ischium, pubic bone

hip bones

coxal and ossa coxae

ilium

sacroiliac joint

connects sacrum to pelvis

alae

pelvis breaks here

iliac crest

where you rest your hands on hips

spines

greater sciatic notch

passageway for nerves and vessels to travel from the pelvic cavity to the gluteal region

ishium

sit-down bone

ischial tuberosity

receives weight when sitting

ischial spine

outlet for baby

bones within pubic bone

obturator foramen

pubic symphasis

acetabulum

bones of lower limbs

femur and gluteal tuberosity

femur

strongest, heaviest

greater/lesser trochanter 

gluteal tuberosity

head and neck

medial and lateral condyles

sesamoid bone

formed in a tendon

sesamoditis

tibia

medial/lateral condyles

tibial tuberosity 

medial malleus

anterior border

fibula

lateral malleolus

foot

supports body, lever to move us forward

has tarsal bones

metatarsals

phalanges

7, 5, 14

_ tarsal bones, _ metatarsals, _ phalanges

bones within tarsal bones

calcaneus talus

foot bones

2 longitudinal

1 transverse

ligaments

hold bones together

tendons

hold bones firmly and give foot the arched shape

synarthroses

immovable joints

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joints

diarthroses

freely moveable joints

fibrous joints

united by fibrous tissue

sutures in the skull

example of fibrous joints

gomphoses and syndesmoses

cartilaginous joints

if connected by hyaline cartilage, immovable

if connected by fibrocartilage, amphiarthrotic

synovial joints

all joins of limbs

have 4 distinguishing features:

articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, and reinforcing ligaments

articular cartilage

covers ends of joints forming the bone

articular capsule

joint surfaces are enclosed by a sleeve, or layer, of fibrous connective tissue

joint cavity

articular capsule encloses a cavity which contains synovial fluid

reinforcing ligaments

the fibrous layer of the capsule is reinforced w ligaments

bursae

associated w synovial joints

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane

tendon sheath

associated w synovial joints

elongated bursa that wraps around the tendon like a hot dog bun

plane joints

articular surface is flat and nonaxial

hinge joint

cylindrical end of one bone fits through a trough shaped on another bone

like a door hinge

pivot joint

rounded end of one bone fits into the sleeves of another joint

can only turn on its long axis

condylar joint

egg shaped

fits into oval cavity

finger ends

saddle joints

fingers close to palm

has convex and concave areas

ball and socket joint

multiaxial

fits into another concave socket

osteoarthritis

wear and tear on joints over many years

rheumatoid arthritis

occurs in both young and older adults

autoimmune disease

gouty arthritis

caused by deposit of uric acid in joints

osteoporosis

condition of bone wasting that results in mainly hormone deficit or inactivity