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Attributions
how we explain the causes of events; how people explain behavior and mental processes of themselves and others
explanatory style
how people explain good and bad events in their lives and in the lives of others
pessimistic explanantory style
interpreting good and bad events in ways that are pessimistic
optimistic explanantory style
interpreting good and bad events in ways that are optimistic
person perception
how we form impressions of ourselves and others including attributions of behavior
attribution theory (eric heider)
how we explain other’s behavior by attributing it to either the person’s traits or the situation
dispositional attribution
behavior attributed to a person’s character/personality traits (internal factors)
situational attribution
behavior attributed to the situation (external factors)
self serving bias
the attributions we make following an outcome that enable us to see ourselves in a favorable light
defensive self esteem
focusses on sustaining our positive view of ourselves; viewing failure/criticism as a threat (often ignoring reality to maintain a positive self view)
Fundamental Attribution Error (F.A.E)
when explaining OTHER people’s behavior: underestimating the influence of the situation while overestimating the effects of personality or innate characteristics
actor-observer bias
other’s behavior is attributed to internal factors while our behaviors are attributed to external factors
halo effect
type of cognitive bias in which our positive impression of a person influences how we think/feel about their overall character
just world phenomenon
type of cognitive bias where people believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
self fulfilling prophecy
beliefs/attitudes about someone lead us to treat them in a way that tends to reinforce those beliefs
internal locus of control
perception that you control your own fate/have influence on your outcomes
external locus of control
perception that luck/chance/outside forces beyond your control determine your fate
mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to new/novel stimuli often increases the liking of those stimuli
social comparison theory (leon festinger)
individuals tend to evaluate themselves based on comparisons to other members of society or social circles
upward social comparison
comparing ourselves to those “above us” in status/wealth (often resulting in desires to improve/better ourselves)
downward social comparison
comparing ourselves to those “beneath us” in status/wealth
relative deprivation
people often judge their own sense of deprivation relative to others
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