gt amstud ch 26 vocab

the long telegram

george kennan

8,000 word telegram

denounced:

-communism

-stalin

-stalin’s policies

the cold war

1. 1945-1991

   1. Began after WWII

   2. Ended when USSR dissolved

2. United States vs. USSR

3. Capitalism vs. Communism

4. Democracy vs. Authoritarianism

5. Series of clashes between the aforementioned groups, systems, and ideals

   1. Proxy Wars

   2. Nuclear Arms Race

   3. Space Race

   4. Etc.

truman doctrine

1. March 1947

2. Containment Policy

3. Truman asking for money to support free people in Greece and Turkey

4. Response to:

   1. Communist uprising in Greece

   2. Soviet demands to control the Dardanelles

      1. Water route in turkey

george f. kennan

1. Author of Long Telegram

2. Promoted Containment of Communism and other Soviet aggressions

iron curtain speech

1. Churchill speaking to Truman

2. Metaphor coined by Churchill to describe the spread of communism to Eastern European nations

3. Called for Western democratic nations to unite against the USSR

berlin airlift

1. June 1948

2. Soviets set up road blockades to prevent Western supplies from getting into West Berlin

3. Truman chose not to respond with force

4. Truman sent planes to fly supplies into Berlin

marshall plan

1. $12 billion European Recovery Program

2. Outlined by George Marshall

3. Help revive European economies and strengthen democratic governments

4. Helped Western European sustain themselves

5. Ended Communist threat in Western Europe

6. Boosted US economy via exports to Europe

7. Increased divide between Western and Eastern Europe

north atlantic treaty organization (nato)

1. 1949

2. Military defense pact

3. Protect Western Europe against Communism

4. Members:

   1. Ten European countries

   2. US

   3. Canada

warsaw pact

1. 1955

2. Military defense alliance created to counterbalance NATO

3. Communist countries of Eastern Europe

douglas macarthur

1. US General

2. Led Japanese reconstruction

3. Commanding General in Korea during Korean War

   1. Eventually recalled for insubordination

nsc-68

1. 1950

2. Secret Report from National Security

3. Measures necessary for Cold War

   1. Quadruple US government defense spending to 20 percent of GNP

   2. Form alliances with non-Communist countries around the world

   3. Convince the American public that costly arms buildup was imperative for the nation’s defense

korean war

1. Korea was a former Japanese colony that got divided after WWII

   1. Soviet occupied North

   2. US occupied South

   3. 38th parallel

2. Armies withdrawn in 1949

3. North invaded South in 1950

4. North pushed Southern and American forces down to peninsula tip

   1. Counterattack led by MacArthur pushed up near Chinese border

5. Chinese troop pushed back

6. Eventual stalemate in July 1951 (really 1953)

7. Consequences

   1. Truman’s containment worked

   2. Justified military expansion

   3. Republican deemed Democrats “soft on communism”

38th parallel

dividing line between north and south korea

french rule in vietnam

1. French colony seized by Japan during WWII

2. Nationalist Ho Chi Minh sought Independence

   1. Create Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV)

3. France wanted to reassert authority

   1. America favored French colonial imperatives

4. Ho Chi Ming got help from Soviets to fight French rule

5. Rule ended in 1954 when French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu

6. Vietnam was partitioned in two

nuclear arms race

1. Competition/Race of Nuclear Power between US and USSR

2. US used first atomic bombs in 1945

   1. Soviet tested on August 29, 1949

3. US used first hydrogen bomb on November 1, 1952

   1. USSR - 1953

4. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

5. Heavy amounts of espionage

u-2 incident

1. May 1, 1960

2. US spy plane shot down by Soviet Air Defense

3. Plane was taking photos deep inside Soviet territory

bay of pigs invasion

1. Failed military operation

2. CIA backed

3. US tried to use cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro

4. JFK wanted to ask US involvement

   1. No US air support

   2. Invasion failed

cuban missile crisis

1. October 16-28, 1962

2. Soviet placed missiles in Cuba, that could target US

3. Standoff between US and USSR

4. Ended when

   1. Soviets agreed to move missiles from Cuba

   2. US pledged not to invade Cuba

   3. US removed missiles from Turkey

space race

1. US vs USSR

2. Technological battle

3. USSR sent the first

   1. Animals into space - two dogs

   2. Man into space - Yuri Gargarin on April 12, 1961

4. US sent first men to the moon

5. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1958

sputnik

1. First human-made satellite

2. Launched into space by Russians on October 4, 1957

mccarthyism

1. Massive anticommunist hysteria

2. Attempt to root out communism within the US

3. Senator McCarthy

4. McCarthy Trials

5. Led to limiting of civil liberties

alger hiss

1. High-ranking government official

2. Helped form UN

3. Accused of spying for soviets during 1930s

   1. 1948 trial

4. Later convicted of perjury

rosenbergs

1. Julius and Ethel

   1. Married couple

2. Accused of spying for soviets

   1. Delivering atomic bomb secrets

3. Executed in 1953

brinkmanship

1. Pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits before stopping

   1. “To the brink”

2. Achieve advantages by pushing something to the brink of active conflict

3. Fear and intimidation

military industrial complex

1. Perceived relationship between

   1. Nation’s military

   2. Defense industry supplying it

   3. The government

2. Eisenhower warned about MIC influencing the government too much

3. MIC influence can lead to

   1. Excessive military spending

   2. More militaristic foreign policy

   3. corruption

global independence movements

1. Heavy in

   1. Asia

   2. Africa

   3. Latin America

2. Former colonies seeking independence following WWII

3. US and USSR agreed to help in exchange for loyalty

4. Countries formed non-aligned movement to avoid involvement in Cold War

decolonization

1. Former colonies gaining independence

2. US and USSR would help

   1. To gain new democratic or communist allies

detente

1. Easing of hostile/strained political relations between two countries

2. 1960s-1970s

3. Period of easing tensions between US and USSR

   1. Increased cooperation

   2. Hopes of ending nuclear arms race

strategic arms limitations treaty

1. Negotiations between US and USSR with objective of ending arms race

2. SALT I (ABM Treaty)

   1. 1972

   2. Limited strategic missile defenses

   3. Allowed for two missile defense sites

3. SALT II 

   1. 1979

   2. Limit nuclear delivery vehicles

   3. Limit MIRVed ballistic missiles

   4. Never ratified