Microbiology Exam #1 (Chapter 1,3,4,5,6)

Microbiology

The specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

6 major groups of microorganisms

1. Bacteria

2. Algae

3. Protozoa

4. Helminths

5. Fungi

6. Viruses

What do microbiologists study?

- Cell structure

- Growth and Physiology

- Genetics

- Taxonomy and evolutionary history

- Interactions with living and non living environment

What are the 6 different branches of study in microbiology?

1. Medical microbiology

2. Public Health microbiology and Epidemiology

3. Immunology

4. Industrial Microbiology

5. Agricultural Microbiology

6. Environmental Microbiology

Medical Microbiology

Study of microbes as they relate to medicine, deals with microbes that causes disease in humans and animals

Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology

Monitor and control the spread of disease in communities. USPHS, CDC, WHO

Industrial Microbiology

- Use of microbes to manufacture important compounds

- Safeguards our food and water

- Also includes biotechnology

- Ranges from bread making to gene therapy

- Microbes can be used to create large quantities of substances such as amino acids, beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins

Agricultural Microbiology

- Deals with the relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals

- Plant specialists focus on plant diseases, soil fertility, and nutritional interactions

- Animal specialists work with infectious diseases and other associations animals have with microorganisms

Immunology

Studies a diverse areas such as vaccination, blood testing, and allergy. Immunologists investigate the role of the immune system in cancer and autoimmune diseases

Environmental Microbiology

Studies the effect of microbes on the earth's diverse habitats.

Example- aquatic microbiology, soil microbiology, geomicrobiology, and astrobiology

eu-kary means?

true nucleus; cells with a nucleus are classified as eukaryotes

Pro-kary means?

Pre-nucleus; bacteria and archaea do not have a nucleus and have been traditionally classified as prokaryotes

What is a microbe?

A microorganism

How are biology and microbiology different? How are they similar?

Biology is concerned with all the different scales of size that microorganisms exist on, but many fields on biology are concerned with more complex organisms such as mammals. Microbiology is concerned specifically with smaller, individual organisms. Microbiologists might be concerned with something as big as a bacteria, and they do study systems, such as the immune system, but generally they focus on smaller individual organisms. They are similar because they both study organisms, just on different scales.

Bacteria

- Unicellular microorganisms

- Some cause human, animal, or plant diseases; others are beneficial.

- Prokaryotic

Algae

- Unicellular microorganisms

- Prokaryotic

- Food or water borne

- Reproduce Asexually

- Photosythetic

Protozoa

- Unicellular

- Eukaryotic

- Live independently or as parasites

- Mostly found in soil or water

Helminths

- Multicellular

- Eukaryotic

- Worms

Fungi/Yeast

- Eukaryotic

- Multicellular

- Protists characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall

Medical Microbiology

- Deals with diseases of humans and animals

- Study the way microorganisms cause disease

- Example: A Microbiologist at the CDC may examine a culture of the influenza virus in order to understand why is is so harmful

Public Health Microbiology & Epidemiology

- Monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities

- CDC, USPHS, & WHO

- Example: Epidemiologists conduct interviews as a part of the effort to curb the cholera epidemic in Haiti

Immunology

- Studies the web of protective substances and cells produced in response to infection

- Vaccination, blood testing, and allergy

- Immunologists investigate the role of the immune system in cancer and autoimmune diseases

- Example: Immunologists freeze dry samples of infectious diseases

Industrial Microbiology

- Branch of microbiology in which microbes are manipulated to manufacture useful products

- Ranges from bread making to gene therapy

- Safeguards our food and water

- Microbes can be used to create large quantities of substances such as amino acids, berm drugs, enzymes and vitamins

- Example: Scientists use a multispectural imaging systems for inspection of chickens to be manufactured

Agricultural Microbiology

- Concerned with the relationship between microbes and domesticated plants and animals

- Plant specialists focus on plant diseases, soil fertility, and nutritional interactions

- Animal specialists focus on infectious diseases and other associations animals have with microorganisms

Environmental Microbiology

- Studies the effect of microbes on the Earth's diverse habitats

- 4 Types: Aquatic, Soil, Geo, and Astro

- Studies microbes in the earths surface water, soil, crust, and places off of our planet

What type of cells originated first on planet Earth? What type of cells evolved next? What type of organism evolved last?

Prokaryotic cells originated fist, followed by Eukaryotic cells, and lastly viruses

Photosynthesis

Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen

What kind of organisms can proceed with photosynthesis?

Bacteria and Algae

What is decomposition?

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be recycled

What type of organisms can proceed with decomposition?

Bacteria and Fungi

Genetic Engineering

Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Recombinant DNA Technology

Techniques that allow the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA

Bioremediation

Introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants

Biotechnology

Manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting

What is the difference between a pathogen and a microbe?

A pathogen is a microorganism that has the potential to cause disease, but microbes are not always pathogens

True or Face: All microbes are pathogenic

False, few microbes are pathogens

What are the top causes of infectious disease deaths in the U.S versus worldwide?

In the U.S: Influenza and pneumonia

Worldwide: HIV/AIDS and Diarrheal diseases

Bacteria and Archaea consist of what type of cells?

Prokaryotic

Helminths, fungi, Protozoa, and algae consist of of what type of cells?

Eukaryotic

What us a tiny infectious particle that requires a host cell?

Virus

What type of cell contains membrane bound organelles and a nucleus?

Eukaryotic

What type of cell does not have have membrane bound organelles nor a nucleus?

Prokaryotic

What type of microbe is not a cell?

Virus

What is Robert Hooke responsible for in Microbiology?

The first observations of microbes

What is Antoine van Leeuwenhoek responsible for in Microbiology?

Invention of the microscope

Describe the most recent scientific discoveries that have made an impact in the field of microbiology.

1970s: Discovery of restriction enzymes

1980s: Inventions of the PCR technique

2000s: Importance of small RNAs

2010s: Role of the human microbiome

What is John Tyndall responsible for in Microbiology?

Found that microbes in the dust and air have high heat resistance

What is Ferdinand Cohn responsible for in Microbiology?

- Discovered and described bacterial endospores

- Discovered Sterile, which is completely free of all life forms including endospores and virus particles

What are Ignaz Semmelweis, Dr. Oliver Wendell Homes, and Joseph Lister known for in Microbiology?

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis - Development of Aseptic techniques. Showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations done by physicians who had been working in the autopsy rooms.

Joseph Lister - First to introduce aseptic technique and utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antimicrobial chemicals. These techniques are still used today

What are Luis Pasteur and Robert Koch responsible for in Microbiology?

Luis Pasteur - Contributed to the microbial fermentation role in wine and beer production, invented pasteurization, showed that human diseases could arise from infection

Robert Koch - Established Koch's postulates, a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease, linked a specific microorganism with a specific disease (Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis). Also developed numerous lab techniques

What is spontaneous generation?

The theory that life appears from nonliving things

Who is responsible for disproving spontaneous generation?

Luis Pasteur

Who verified the germ theory?

Robert Koch

Describe the steps in order for the Scientific Method

1. Make an observation - through experience, thoughts, or reading

2. Conduct background research - learn more about what you have observed

Make a hypothesis - form a question to be tested and answered

3. Experiment - Test the question with an experiment

4. Observe outcome - Observe what is seen from the experiment

5. Analyze data and draw conclusions - Explain what was seen and whether or not the hypothesis was corrrect

6. Develop a theory backed by research

What is a theory?

A well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

What is the field of taxonomy?

Science of classifying living things

Nomenclature

Assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms

Classification

Attempts the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa (categories)

Identification

Process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized and placed in a taxonomic scheme

What are the 8 levels of classification from general to specific?

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

How do you write by a hand the proper scientific nomenclature for Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia Coli, and Steptococcus pyogenes?

Capitalize the first letter of the first word, lower case second word, then underline both words

What are the Causative Organisms for the following diseases? Malaria, Amoebic dysentery, HIV/AIDS, Schistosomiasis, Anthrax, Red tide, Yellow fever, Cat-scratch disease, Hepatitis, Cholera, Meningitis, Typhoid fever, Chagas' disease, Trichomoniasis, Tuberculosis, Toxoplasmosis, Lyme disease, Leptospirosis, SARS, Rotavirus, Onchocerciasis, Pertussis, African Sleeping Sickness, Leishmaniasis, Gonorrhea, & Ringworm

Malaria - Protozoa

Amoebic dysentery - Bacteria

HIV/AIDS - Virus

Schistosomiasis - Helminth

Anthrax - Bacteria

Red tide - Algae

Yellow fever - Virus

Catch-scratch disease - Bacteria

Hepatitis - Virus

Cholera - Bacteria

Meningitis - Bacteria and Virus

Typhoid fever - Bacteria

Chagas' disease - Protozoa

Trichomoniasis - Protozoa

Tuberculosis - Bacteria

Lyme disease - Bacteria

Leptospirosis - Bacteria

SARS - Virus

Rotavirus - Virus

Onchocerciasis - Helminth

Pertussis - Bacteria

African Sleeping Sickness - Protozoa

Measles - Virus

Leishmaniasis - Protozoa

Gonorrhea - Bacteria

Ringworm - Fungus

The accumulation of changes that occurs in organisms as they adapt to their environments

Evolution

Consist of prokaryotic cells and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli are examples of this organism

Bacteria

What type of microbe is classified as a tiny infectious particle?

Virus

List the taxonomic categories in order from general to specific

- Domain

- Kingdom

- Phylum

- Class

- Order

- Family

- Genus

- Species

The purposeful addition of a specimen into/onto culture medium

Inoculation

A microscopic cluster of cells that originated from a single cell

Colony

What type of medium allows multiple types of microbes to grow but is designed to show visible color differences among those organisms?

Differential

What type of microscope uses visible light and produces well-defined, three-dimensional images?

Compound microscope

What type of dyes are used in positive staining and are attracted top the negatively charged cell?

Basic

Name several specimens that can be collected for culturing microorganisms, then name the five I's in order.

Nearly any object or material can be collected for culturing microorganisms, common ones are body fluids and tissues, foods, water, or soil.

Five I's:

- Inoculation

- Incubation

- Isolation

- Inspection

- Identification

Inoculation

- Sample is placed into a container of sterile medium

- Cultivation of microorganisms

- Involves spreading the sample on the surface of a solid medium or introducing the sample into a flask or tube

Incubation

- An incubator creates the proper growth temperature and other conditions

- Promotes multiplication of the microbes over a period of hours, days, and even weeks.

- Produces a culture - the visible growth of the microbe in or on the medium

Isolation

Microbes may take the form of separate colonies on solid media, or turbidity in broths. Single species of microbe

Inspection

- The colonies or broth cultures are observed microscopically for growth characteristics (color, texture, size) that could be used in analyzing the specimen contents

Identification

- Microbial profiles are determined y phenotype testing, genotype testing, macroscopic and microscopic analysis

What is media and how is culture medium used in a Microbiology lab?

- Media is designed for growth of specimens

- Culture medium encourages the growth, support and survival of microorganisms

Describe the 3 physical states of media and the purpose of each

- Liquid: found in test tubes, termed broths, milks, infusions

- Semi-solid: clot like, found in test tubes, determines motility of bacteria

- Solid: provide a firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies

What are the characteristics of agar? How is agar used in a Microbiology lab?

- extracted from red marine algae and solid at room temperature and liquifies at 100 degrees Celsius

- used to form a clot like consistencies in test tubes and Petri dishes, used as a solidifying agent

What is the difference between synthetic and non synthetic media? Name and example of each

Synthetic (defined) media has chemical compositions which are precisely chemically defined. They may contain at least one component that is not chemically definable, contains extracts of animals, and may contain ground-up cells, tissues, or secretions. Non

What are the differences between general purpose, enriched, selective, and differential media?

- General purpose media groups a broad spectrum of bacteria and support a wide variety of microbial life.

- Enriched media contains complex organic substances that fastidious bacteria require for growth and contain growth factors such as specific vitamins or amino acids

- Selective media allows only one type of organism to grow

- Differential media allows multiple types of organisms to grow, but shows different reactions (ex. Change of color)

Can a medium be classified as both selective and differential?

Yes, some media can be both selective and differential

Reducing medium

Grows anaerobic bacteria

What is the difference between a cell and a colony?

- A cell us a unit of a colony

- A colony has millions of cells

- A colony can be even by the naked eye, but a cell needs a microscope

Is a cell considered to be microscopic or macroscopic?

Microscopic

Is a colony considered to be microscopic or macroscopic?

Macroscopic

Transport media

Maintains and preserves specimens

Assay media

Used to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs

Enumeration media

Used in industrial and environmental microbiology

Carbohydrate fermentation media

Contains sugars and pH indicators to show fermentation

Describe the 3 different methods of isolating bacteria.

- Streak plate: a small droplet of culture or sample is spread over the surface of the medium with an inoculating loop in a pattern that gradually thins out the sample and separates the cells spatially over several sections of the plate

- Loop dilution: the sample is inoculated serially into a series of cooled but sill liquid agar tubes so as to dilute the number of cells in each successive tube in the series.

- Spread plate: a small volume of liquid, diluted sample is pipetted onto the surface of the medium and spread evenly by a sterile spreading tool

Mixed culture

Two or more species of bacteria

Pure culture

Only one species of bacteria

Contaminated Culture

Contains contaminants or intruders

What is a subculture used for?

It is used to make a second-level culture from a well-isolated colony

A standard method for making a pure culture

How are biochemical tests, genotypic tests, and immunologic tests used in inspection and identification of cultures?

- Biochemical tests can determine fundamental chemical characteristics such as: Nutrient requirements, products given off during growth, presence of enzymes, & mechanisms for deriving energy

- Genotypic testing detects Microbes based on their DNA

- Immunologic testing tests the isolate against known antibodies

Where are cultures disposed of after you are done with them?

Stream sterilization (autoclaving) or incineration are used to destroy microorganisms

A microscope has a total magnification of 850x when using the oil immersion objective lens. What is the power of the ocular lens?

8500

Magnification

Total magnification = power of ocular lens x power of objective lens