Neuroscience

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31 Terms

1
myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
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2
cell body (soma)
the part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive
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3
Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
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4
axon terminal (synaptic knob)
the end of an axon
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5
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. Loss linked to depression.
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6
Dopamine
control of movement and sensations of pleasure, loss leads to schizophrenia and Parkinson's
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7
Acetylcholine
Arousal, attention, memory, controls voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions
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8
Endorphins
involved in pain relief
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9
Norepinephrine
Arousal and mood
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10
GABA
Involved in sleep and inhibits movement, high amounts are released in alcohol consumption
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11
Glutamate
Learning, memory formation, nervous system development, synaptic plasticity
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12
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
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13
peripheral nervous system
transmits information to and from the central nervous system
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14
autonomic nervous system
automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood pressure
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15
somatic nervous system
carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles
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16
parasympathetic nervous system
Calms the body down in ordinary conditions
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17
sympathetic nervous system
Arouses the body (fight or flight) in times of stress
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18
motor system (efferent)
Carry messages from CNS to muscles and glands
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19
sensory system (afferent)
carries messages from senses to CNS
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20
amyloid beta
Protein responsible for unconscious and sleep, aggregates to more than normal in Alzheimer's
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21
Pituary Gland (Master Gland)
regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands, controls salt and water levels
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22
pineal gland
Keeps you awake
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23
thyroid gland
produces thyroxine, helps maintain homeostasis
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24
pancreas
Regulates the level of sugar in the blood
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25
Adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. the adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.
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26
Gonads
Regulate sexual growth and reproduction
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27
CT scan (mapping structure)
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body
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28
MRI scan (mapping structure)
uses radio waves and a very strong magnetic field to produce images of the soft tissue
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29
EEG scan (mapping function)
records electrical activity in the brain
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30
PET scan (mapping function)
Uses positron emissions to reveal brain activity
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31
fMRI scan
tracks blood flow to reveal brain activity
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