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Learning that certain events occur together is called
a. shaping
b. latent learning
c. observational learning
d. associative learning
e. conditioned reinforcement
d. associative learning
Conditioning is the process of
a. discrimination
b. spontaneous recovery
c. learning associations
d. observational learning
e. generalization
c. learning associations
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learned that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates
a. operant conditioning
b. the law of effect
c. observational learning
d. classical learning
e. generalization
d. classical conditioning
Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying
a. intrinsic motivation
b. respondent behavior
c. spontaneous recovery
d. operant recovery
e. latent learning
d. operant conditioning
The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by
a. classical conditioning
b. observational learning
c. habituation
d. operant conditioning
e. latent learning
d. operant conditioning
Who introduced the term behaviorism?
a. John Garcia
b. B.F. Skinner
c. John B. Watson
d. Albert Bandura
e. Ivan Pavlov
c. John B. Watson
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
a. playing jump rope
b. running through a maze to get a food reward
c. sweating in hot weather
d. clapping after a thrillling concert performance
e. getting money as a reward
c. sweating in hot weather
In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of bookss after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
e. preconditioned stimulus
a. unconditioned stimulus
In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the
a. conditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response
d. conditioned response
e. fear response
a. conditioned stimulus
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
a. salivating at the sight of a lemon
b. raising your hand to ask a question
c. jerking your hand off a very hot stove
d. walking into a restaurant to eat
e. working for money
c. jerking your hand off a very hot stove
The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the
a. US
b. UR
c. CS
d. CR
e. SA
d. CR
After he was spanked on several occasions by his mother for spilling his milk, Colin developed a strong fear of his mother. In this case, spanking is a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.
a. negative reinforcer
b. conditioned stimulus
c. secondary reinforcer
d. unconditioned stimulus
e. primary reinforcer
d. unconditioned stimulus
An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light
a. five seconds before the food
b. a half-second before the food
c. at precisely the same time as the food
d. a half-second after the food
e. five seconds after the food
b. a half-second before the food
Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates
a. shaping
b. spontaneous recovery
c. intermittent reinforcement
d. higer-order conditioning
e. extinction
d. higher-order conditioning
Extinction occurs when a __________ is no longer paired with a __________.
a. UR; CR
b. CS; UR
c. US; UR
d. CS; US
e. NS; NR
d. CS; US
Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of
a. habituation
b. latent learning
c. generalization
d. delayed reinforcement
e. shaping
c. generalization
After recieving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates
a. shaping
b. extinction
c. latent learning
d. spontaneous recovery
e. generalization
e. generalization
Ivan Pavlov's experiments
a. illustrated how the law of effect can be applied to conditioning
b. revealed how biological predispositions affect learning
c. showed that cognition is important to learning
d. demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively
e. exhibited the central principles of operant conditioning
d. demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively
Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?
a. studying for a test
b. blushing when embarassed
c. thanking someone for their help
d. sniffing to locate the source of a strange color
e. asking for a raise
b. blushing when embarassed
Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called
a. respondent behaviors
b. prosocial behaviors
c. operant behaviors
d. conditioned responses
e. unconditioned responses
c. operant behaviors
Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of
a. primary reinforcement
b. classical conditioning
c. spontaneous recovery
d. operant conditioning
e. latent learning
d. operant conditioning
The law of effect refers to the tendency to
a. learn associations between consecutive stimuli
b. learn in the absence of reinforcement
c. repeat behaviors that are rewarded
d. lose intrinsic interest in an over-rewarded activity
e. enhance conditioning using strict responses
c. repeat behaviors that are rewarded
A Skinner box is a(n)
a. soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noise
b. aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors
c. "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices
d. chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
e. television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning
d. chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
The process of reinforcing succeessively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called
a. genralization
b. intermittent reinforcement
c. shaping
d. secondary reinforcement
e. modeling
c. shaping
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
a. secondary reinforcement
b. delayed reinforcement
c. spontaneous recovery
d. shaping
e. latent learning
d. shaping
In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the ________. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) ________.
a. discriminative stimulus; operant behavior
b. unconditioned stimulus; respondent behavior
c. conditioned stimulus; positve reinforcer
d. modeling; prosocial behavior
e. continuous reinforcement; conditioned reinforcer
a. discriminative stimulus; operant behavior
Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?
a. positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding
b. positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding
c. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding
d. positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding
e. positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding
c. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding
The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.
a. negative reinforcer
b. conditioned stimulus
c. positive reinforcer
d. punishment
e. unconditioned stimulus
c. positive reinforcer
Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer.
a. positive
b. negative
c. secondary
d. partial
e. delayed
b. negattive
Closing your bedroom door so that you won't hear the TV that is interfering with your studying is an example of
a. positive reinforcement
b. conditioned reinforcers
c. partial reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
e. punishment
d. negative reinfoorcement
Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.
a. fixed
b. primary
c. positve
d.. continuous
e. unconditioned
b. primary
Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?
a. applause for an excellent piano recital
b. a spanking for eating cookies before dinner
c. a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day
d. termination of shock after removing one's finger from a live electric wire
e. pudding for eating all your peas at supper
a. applause for an excellent piano recital
Humans, unlike many other animals, can be conditioned with reinforcers not delivered until a long time after the desired behavior. What are these reinforcers called?
a. continuous
b. interval
c. partial
d. delayed
e. secondary
d. delayed
Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will
a. soon give up asking for a treat entirely
b. come to ask for a treat only occasionally
c. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time goes tot he store
d. ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store
e. begin to ask for treats every time she sees her mother
c. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
a. specified time period has elapsed
b. unpredictable time period has elapsed
c. specified number of responses have been made
d. unpredictable number of responses have been made
e. specific number of rewards and punishments are applied
c. specified number of responses have been made
Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
a. fixed-interval
b. fixed-ratio
c. variable-interval
d. variable-ratio
e. partial-interval
b. fixed-ratio
Blake is a carpet installer who is paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-interval
d. variable-ratio
e. intermittent-interval
a. fixed-ratio
A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after
a. a specified time period has elapsed
b. an unpredictable time period has elapsed
c. a specified number of responses have been made
d. an unpredictable number of responses have been made
e. the desired behavior is performed during a predetermined time interval
d. an unpredictable number of responses have been made
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
a. studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes
b. inserting coins into a slot machine
c. paying a cashier for a candy bar
d. checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived
e. assembling car parts in a factory
b. inserting coins into a slot machine
Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
a. continuous-ratio
b. fixed-ratio
c. variable-interval
d. variable-ratio
e. fixed-interval
d. variable-ratio
A small-town radio disc jockey frequently announces how much money is currently in a jackpot. Every day several randomly selected residents are called and asked to identify the amount, and thereby win it. Those who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. variable-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. fixed-interval
e. partial-delayed
b. variable-interval
A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
a. unpredictable time period has elapsed
b. specified time period has elapsed
c. specified number of responses has been made
d. unpredictable number of responses has been made
e. the desired behavior is performed a set number of times
b. specified time period has elapsed
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.
a. fixed-interval
b. partial-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
e. fixed-ratio
a. fixed-interval
A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
a. specified time period has elapsed
b. unpredictable number of responses has been made
c. specified number of responses has been made
d. unpredictable time period has elapsed
e. number of responses is performed in a specific time period
d. unpredictable time period has elapsed
Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
a. fixed-interval
b. fixed-ratio
c. variable-interval
d. variable-ratio
e. partial-delayed
c. variable-interval
An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a
a. negative reinforcer
b. punishment
c. conditioned stimulus
d. delayed reinforcer
e. secondary reinforcer
b. punishment
The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.
a. acquisition; extinction
b. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
c. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
d. punishment; reinforcement
e. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
d. punishment; reinforcement
Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because
a. the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors, the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors
b. children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and necessary
c. the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school
d. punishment cannot temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors
e. although punishments delivered by parents can be effective, teacher-delivered punishments usually have little effect
c. the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school
A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a
a. positive reinforcer
b. conditioned reinforcer
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment
e. negative reinforcer
c. positive punishment
Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
a. negative reinforcement
b. positive reinforcement
c. negative punishment
d. positive punishment
e. punishing reinforcer
c. negative punishment
B.F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's
a. personal freedom
b. early childhood experiences
c. pleasure-seeking tendencies
d. cultural background
e. past behavior
a. personal freedom
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?
a. respondent behavior
b. immediate reinforcement
c. operant behavior
d. shaping
e. positive reinforcement
a. respondent behavior
Gold instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of
a. generalization
b. shaping
c. modeling
d. discrimination
e. delayed reinforcement
b. shaping
Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of
a. observational learning
b. latent learning
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning
e. spontaneous recovery
c. operant conditioning
Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior?
a. Learning sometimes becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it.
b. Reinforcement for a task already enjoyed can backfire, reducing intrinsic motivation.
c. A continuous reinforcement schedule will lead to the most rapid learning.
d. Conditioned reinforcers get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers.
e. Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.
e. Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.
A psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their
a. cholesterol level
b. blood type
c. muscle tension
d. genetic makeup
e. circadian rhythm
c. muscle tension
A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to __________ as a learned association between two stimuli is to __________.
a. latent learning; observation learning
b. generalization; discrimination
c. operant conditioning; classical conditioning
d. secondary reinforcement; primary reinforcement
e. acquisition; extinction
c. operant conditioning; classical conditioning
A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to
a. operant conditioning
b. latent learning
c. classical conditioning
d. intrinsic motivation
e. insight learning
a. operant conditioning
Automatically blinking to an air puff is to ________ as raising your hand to answer a question is to ________.
a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
b. immediate reinforcement; delayed reinforcement
c. unconditioned response; conditioned response
d. discrimination; generalization
e. operant behavior; respondent behavior
a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
a. primary reinforcers
b. generalization
c. spontaneous recovery
d. biological predispositions
e. shaping
d. biological predispositions
Wolves that were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with poison develop an aversion to sheep meat. Which of the following provided the initial evidence leading to this practice?
a. Robert Rescorla's research on the importance of cognition in classical conditioning
b. B.F. Skinner's studies on intermittent schedules of reinforcement
c. Martin Seligman's research on learned helplessness
d. John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions
e. Edward L. Thorndike's research on the law of effect
d. John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions
An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by
a. Pavlov's experiments
b. Watson's behaviorism
c. a biopsychosocial approach
d. the law of effect
e. operant conditioning
c. a biopsychosocial approach
Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
a. secondary reinforcers
b. cognitive processes
c. biological predispositions
d. intrinsic motivation
e. spontaneous recovery
b. cognitive processes
The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of
a. shaping
b. generalization
c. latent learning
d. secondary reinforcement
e. spontaneous recovery
c. latent learning
Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves
a. respondent behavior
b. cognitive processes
c. primary reinforcers
d. intermittent reinforcement
b. cognitive processes
Caroline was halfway through writing an essay for her English class, when she couldn't think of what to say next. She decided to stop working on the essay for a while. When she returned to her desk, she suddenly realized what she should write. Caroline's experience best illustrates
a. latent learning
b. spontaneous recovery
c. insight
d. intrinsic motivation
e. shaping
c. insight
Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine
a. latent learning
b. intrinsic motivation
c. spontaneous recovery
d. generalization
e. discrimintation
b. intrinsic motivation
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves
a. latent learning
b. extrinsic motivation
c. partial reinforcement
d. delayed reinforcers
e. classical conditioning
b. extrinsic motivation
Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves
a. negative reinforcement
b. cognitive processes
c. spontaneous recovery
d. shaping
e. continuous reinforcement
b. cognitive processes
After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates
a. negative reinforcement
b. observational learning
c. learned helplessness
d. partial reinforcement
e. latent learning
c. learned helplessness
Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of
a. free association
b. the self-reference phenomenon
c. the spotlight effect
d. an external locus of control
e. unconditional positive regard
d. an external locus of control
Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates
a. reaction formation
b. reciprocal determinism
c. unconditioned positive regard
d. the self-reference phenomenon
e. an internal locus of control
e. an internal locus of control
Compared with those who perceive an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are
a. likely to experience low self-esteem
b. extremely introverted personalities
c. likely to be academically successful
d. not easily able to delay gratification of their personal desires
e. likely to experience depression
c. likely to be academically successful
Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following
a. an exertion of energy
b. free association
c. the spotlight effect
d. unconditional positive regard
e. fixation
a. an exertion of energy
An individual who perceives an internal locus of control would most likely show signs of a
a. weak id
b. strong id
c. weak ego
d. strong ego
e. weak superego
d. strong ego
Shortly before the democratic revolution in the former East Germany, researchers found differences in the body language of working-class men in East and West Berlin bars. This best illustrated the impact of
a. the spotlight effect
b. free association
c. self-serving bias
d. personal control
e. reciprocal determinism
d. personal control
Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of
a. respondent behavior
b. immediate reinforcement
c. spontaneous recovery
d. modeling
e. shaping
d. modeling
Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key in order to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of:
a. observational learning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. spontaneous recovery
e. discrimination
a. observational learning
Which of the following become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?
a. cognitive maps
b. fixed-ratio schedules
c. mirror neurons
d. operant chambers
e. biofeedback systems
c. mirror neurons
Mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for
a. spontaneous recovery
b. intrinsic motivation
c. intermittent reinforcement
d. imitation
e. insight learning
d. imitation
Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
a. punishing
b. extinguishing
c. discriminating
d. modeling
e. genralizing
d. modeling
In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll
a. imitated the adult's actions
b. acted aggressively in the presence of other children
c. behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents
d. did not demonstrate pro social behavior even when such behavior was modeled later
e. displayed little interest in the experimental situation
a. imitated the adult's actions
Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960's had parent who
a. consistently use reinforcement in combination with punishment to shape their children's moral behavior
b. modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern
c. consistently used psychological punishment rather than physical punishment in shaping their children's behavior
d. consistently used permissive rather than authoritarian child-rearing practices
e. consistently explained to their children the harsh consequences of immoral behavior
b, modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern
Christian and Maggie are concerned with teaching their children to act prosocially. Social learning psychologists would advise them to
a. read self-help books to their children
b. begin prosocial modeling after the children turn 8 years old
c. make sure their own actions and words are consistent
d. keep their children isolated from antisocial models
e. avoid reinforcing their children for tasks they already enjoy doing
c. make sure their own actions and words are consistent
A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as a source of
a. respondent behavior
b. spontaneous recovery
c. negative reinforcement
d. observational learning
e. intermittent reinforcement
d. observational learning
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