IB History Paper 2 - Societies in Transition (1400 - 1700) (Spanish conquest of Peru)

Key terms for Topic 4: Societies in Transition (1400 - 1700) for the IB History course.

Caste System

Introduced in Spanish colonial Peru, it divided inhabitants based on ethnicity, determining their social status and taxation obligations.

Encomienda System

A system where indigenous people were forced to work on Spanish-owned lands, supposedly for protection and Christianization, but often exploited for labor.

Reducciones

A resettlement program initiated in 1570 to move native populations to Spanish-style towns for surveillance by civil authorities and clergy, disconnecting them from their ancestral homes.

Casa de Contratacion

Established in 1503, it regulated colonial trade, mining imports, and authorized trade voyages, enforcing Spanish mercantilism in the American colonies.

Escuela Cuzqueña

An artistic movement blending European painting techniques with Andean elements, founded in 1539, promoting cultural exchange and syncretism in Peru.

Extirpacion de idolatrias

Campaigns aimed at erasing indigenous culture and forcing conversion, often using baseless accusations and torture to achieve compliance.

Mestizos

Descendants of Spaniards (or Europeans) and Indigenous people, occupying a distinct social position in the caste system of colonial Peru.

Inca Nobility

Recognized by Spanish authorities as caciques, they held hereditary positions of authority over their subjects, enjoying privileges such as exemption from tribute and forced labor.

Convent of Santo Domingo

Built on top of the Coricancha temple, symbolizing the dominance of Spanish rule and the fusion of Christian and Incan religious beliefs in Peru.

Encomenderos

Spanish conquistadors who held encomiendas, exploiting indigenous labor for profit and control over mining and agricultural activities.

Technological Knowledge

Mainly focused on metallurgy due to mining being the biggest economic sector.

Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala

Inca noble descendent who wrote El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno, highlighting Inca culture and advocating for reform.

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

Mestizo author who published Comentarios reales de los Incas, depicting peaceful Inca imperialism and aiming to teach a lesson from history.

Bartolomé De Las Casas

Spanish priest advocating for better treatment of Indians, influencing the passing of the New Laws and inspiring the Valladolid debate.

Taqui Onqoy Movement

Indigenous opposition to Christianization through ceremonies and dances, leading to the extirpación de idolatrias campaigns.

Syncretism

Early missionaries blending Christian concepts with indigenous imagery to facilitate conversion.

Extirpación de Idolatrías

Campaigns aiming to instil European and Christian values within Indigenous populations, often involving torture and destruction of indigenous practices.

The Indian Question

Legal approaches like the Laws of Burgos and the New Laws aimed at addressing the mistreatment and exploitation of indigenous populations.

Religious Persecution

Extirpaciones, while instilling fear, did not have the same control as the Inquisition, leading to destruction of indigenous culture and practices.