OLSEN RECONSTRUCTION TEST

What former Confederate state was not placed in a military district?

What former Confederate state was not placed in a military district?

Tennessee

Which former Confederate states were put into military districts during
Congressional Reconstruction?

Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississipi, Carolinas, Texas, and Virgina

How many former Confederate states were re-admitted to the United
States?

11

What area was purchased from Russia in 1867?

Alaska

How many new states joined the United States between 1863-1876?

4

reconstruction

rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

systemic racism

the systemic oppression of one group of people by another group of people within all elements of society based on race

white supremacy

racist belief that white people are superior & should dominate society

freedpeople

former enslaved black americans

radical republicans

wanted to punish the rebels

sharecropping

trade portion of crop in return for working on someone else's land

suffrage

the right to vote

gilded age

period of rapid economic growth & corruption (attention away from Reconstruction)

KKK (klu klux klan)

collection of local extremist groups loosely affiliated around white supremacy & violence

WASPS

white anglo-saxon protestants

lynching

public killing of an individual who hasn't had any due process

redeemers

democrats claiming they're redeeming the South from evil of being controlled by Republicans, Northerners, & Black Americans

when was the reconstruction era?

1865-1877

when was the Jim Crow era?

1870s-1960s

what were the key questions facing the US after the Civil War?

Under what conditions would the Southern states be readmitted into the Union?
What branch of government should control the process of reconstruction? What would be the status of Black Americans in the postwar nation?

what were the 3 goals for Reconstruction?

Political: readmit Southern states
Economic: rebuild Southern states
Social: integrate freed-people into American society

Lincoln's 10% Plan

- proposed that a Southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union & accepted the 13th amendment
- was a lenient plan, but it didn't fully work out as he hoped, especially after his assassination

Johnson's OG Plan

- provisional military govt to run Southern states until readmitted

- all southern citizens must swear oath for amnesty

- no to former elite

- southern states had to write new constitutions

- no requirement for Black suffrage

Johnson's Later Plan

- pardoned Southern elite

- southern state constitutions rooted in white supremacy

- didnt expand Freedmens Bureau

- no interest in protecting rights of Black americans

Johnson's impeachment

- Tension w Radicals

- 1868: house said he violated Tenure of Office Act (just to kick him out)

- acquired by 1 vote in Senate (no hope of reelection)

Grant's Amnesty Act of 1872

- happened during gilded age
- ex-confederates were allowed in elections
- took attention away from reconstruction

Panic of 1873

- economic depression
- southerners could perpetrate new violence without interference

how did Grant contribute to the end of Reconstruction?

because of gov't corruption & economic crisis, Northerners shifted views on Reconstruction

Hayes' Election/Election of 1786

- democrat Tilden vs. republican Hayes

- both were named winners

- caused violence, intimidation & fraud

- Compromise of 1877 to decide

Hayes wins (8-7), but has to end military reconstruction, pulling troops out of the south

- end of reconstruction

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh. (VETOED)

Freedmen's Bureau

- a congress created (1865) organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Black americans after the Civil War
- education was a success

Savannah's Colloquy

1865: Union Gen. Sherman ordered vacated land to be given to freedpeople but many Southern planters were returning & upset Johnson gave them land back

Civil Rights Acts of 1866

-Would've defined national citizenship
-Would've declared all citizens equal before the law (VETOED)

14th Amendment (second constitution 1868)

Protection from state govt
National birthright citizenship &protection of rights
"equal protection of the laws"
HIGHLY CONTESTED
Penalized states for denying male suffrage
Ratified by Southern states through Military Reconstruction
(RATIFIED)

Reconstruction Act/Military Reconstruction

South divided into 5 military districts until made acceptable constitutions
Ex-confed leaders couldnt help
Required universal male suffrage & 14th amendment ratification

15th Amendment

Suffrage to black men
Passed bc southern states required to ratify fot reentry(not extened to Black women)
Ratified 1870 (would be heavily restricted)

Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy (interracial man) refused to move from white-only car, arrested, case to SCOTUS

Decision:

7-1: Separate Car Act WAS constitutional

Segregation legal if “separate but equal”

John Marshall voted No (Jim Crow was designed to maintain dominance over Black Americans)

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Wouldve defined national citizenship
Wouldve declared all citizens equal before the law
(VETOED)

Slaughterhouse Case

14th amendment didnt guarantee all citizens equal economic privileges by states

US v. Cruikshank

Bill of Rights cant limit private/state govt despise 14 amendment

Enforcement Acts

1870/1: response to Klan violence
Prohibited discrimination in voter registration
Bans use of terror, force, bribery preventing voting
Doesnt last or get rid of KKK

Goals of the KKK

Destroy republicans
Overthrow reconstruction govt
Aid white planters
Stop exercise of Black rights

Tactics of the KKK

Murdering freedpeople & supporters
Torture, kidnapping, intimidation
Lots of lynching
Especially young Black men

Black Codes & Voting Restrictions

Codified white supremacy
Criminalized every form of Black freedom & power
Couldnt:
Own land/property
Vote
Run for political office
Bear arm
Serve on juries
Had curfews
If unemployed, could be arrested
May auctioned off, work w/o pay, no choice but sharecropping

Jim Crow Origins

Minstrel shows: form of theater where most White americans wearing blackface to portray highly exaggerated & sterotypical Black characted, popularized racist beliefs
By 1838, term used as collective racial epithet for Black people( lasted half a century)
Became synonym of racist stystem

What Jim Crow Laws/Society did to Black Americans

Black Americans has status of second-class citizens
Legitimized systemic racism - segregation in public
Justified by degrading generalizations of Black people

How violence was important to Jim Crow

Wouldn't have worked without it
Method of social control
Lynchings as necessary justice
9/10 in south
Drive out Black people

Describe one success and failure of Reconstruction.

The Reconstruction rebuilt the union and repaired the south. Black Americans were still discriminated against & experienced violence. White supremacy and racist beliefs continued

Describe the important of Plessy v. Ferguson to the Jim Crow Era.

It upheld the "separate but equal" doctrine and opened the door to legalized segregation.