5.1 5.2 4.4
platform chemicals
basic inputs to make products broken down by number of carbons
biorefinery definition (def a quiz question)
sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy, essential aspect is integration
three main components of a biorefinery
raw material/feedstock as the input, primary refining which is mechanical treatment and extraction, secondary refining which is taking an intermediate product and converting it into a useful product
petroleum refinery
separate materials from crude oil based on boiling point, low temp (large molar mass) is caught first
what happens when we heat biomass
burns
saccharification
depolymerization of monosaccharides into polysaccharides, first step is steep in dilute acid second step is depolymerize using an enzyme (____ase)
t/f: amylose cellulose and cellobiose are not fermentable but maltose is
true
fermentation
ferment glucose to ethanol using advanced yeast
thermal platform
pyrolysis yields platform chemicals and fuels (syngas/bio-oil)
what is done with poor quality lignin
burnt for energy
how polylactic acid (PLA for bioplastic) is refined
corn is grinded, starch is saccharified, glucose is fermented into lactic acid, lactic acid undergoes hydrolysis into PLA
example of a pretreatment
organosolv
three products of straw biorefining
lignin residuals for energy, ethanol, biogas
why use organosolv pretreatment
specialized pulp treatment for clean cellulose and high quality lignin (outperforms craft lignin)
what needs to be done before fermentation
saccharification
what is the process to go from bio-oil to bio-diesel
chemical/catalytic conversion
3 intermediates in biorefinong
sugar, syngas, bio-oil
4 products in biorefining
bioproducts, ethanol, drop is biofuels (gasoline diesel jet fuel), biodiesel
2 feedstocks in biorefining
cellulosic feedstocks, algae
3 C6 compound examples
benzene, toluene, xylene
3 C1 compound examples
methane, methanol, carbon monoxide
DDGS
distiller’s dried grain with soluble
which enzyme is commonly used to break down starch
amylase