Test 3 Study Guide Bio

Chordate

Animal possessing a notochord

Notochord

Flexible supporting rod in chordates.

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

Tube-like nerve cord that develops into the brain and spinal cord.

Pharyngeal Slits

Openings in the pharynx used for feeding or gas exchange.

Post-Anal Tail

Tail extending beyond the anus; present in chordate development.

Lancelet

Small fishlike invertebrate chordate.

Sea Squirt (Tunicate)

Invertebrate chordate that is sessile as an adult.

Vertebrate

Chordate with a backbone made of vertebrae.

Agnatha

Jawless vertebrates such as lampreys and hagfish.

Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fishes like sharks and rays.

Osteichthyes

Bony fishes with skeletons made of bone.

Amphibia

Vertebrates with aquatic larvae and adult lungs.

Reptilia

Scaly vertebrates with amniotic eggs.

Mammalia

Vertebrates with hair or fur and mammary glands.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers surfaces and lines organs.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports and binds other tissues; bone

Muscle Tissue

Tissue specialized for movement; skeletal

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that transmits electrical signals.

Atom

Smallest unit of matter.

Molecule

Two or more bonded atoms.

Cell

Basic unit of life.

Tissue

Group of similar cells performing a function.

Organ

Structure made of multiple tissues.

Organ System

Group of organs working together.

Organism

An individual living thing.

Skeletal System

System providing support

Support (Skeleton)

Bones hold the body’s shape.

Protection (Skeleton)

Bones protect organs.

Movement (Skeleton)

Muscles pull on bones.

Mineral Storage (Skeleton)

Stores calcium and phosphorus.

Blood Cell Formation

Red marrow produces blood cells.

Axial Skeleton

Skull

Appendicular Skeleton

Limbs and limb girdles.

Compact Bone

Dense strong outer layer of bone.

Spongy Bone

Porous inner layer containing red marrow.

Red Marrow

Produces red and white blood cells.

Yellow Marrow

Stores fat.

Ligament

Connects bone to bone.

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone.

Cartilage

Flexible tissue cushioning joints.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary striated muscle.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle of organs.

Cardiac Muscle

Heart muscle; involuntary and striated.

Flexor

Muscle that bends a joint.

Extensor

Muscle that straightens a joint.

Hamstrings

Muscles that flex the knee.

Quadriceps

Muscles that extend the knee.

Origin

Fixed attachment of a muscle.

Insertion

Movable attachment that moves toward origin.

Muscle Fiber

Single skeletal muscle cell.

Myofibril

Threadlike organelle inside muscle fiber.

Sarcomere

Functional unit of muscle contraction.

Thick Filament (Myosin)

Protein filament producing force.

Thin Filament (Actin)

Protein filament sliding past myosin.

Sliding Filament Theory

Muscle contracts when actin slides over myosin.

Nose

Filters

Pharynx

Throat; passageway for air.

Larynx

Voice box.

Trachea

Windpipe carrying air to bronchi.

Bronchi

Two major airways entering lungs.

Bronchioles

Small branches of bronchi.

Alveoli

Air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Ventilation

Movement of air in and out of lungs.

Inhalation

Diaphragm contracts and air enters lungs.

Exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes and air exits lungs.

Systemic Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and tissues.

Cellular Respiration

Cells use oxygen to create ATP.

Capillary

Smallest blood vessel where exchange occurs.

Diffusion (Gas Exchange)

Gases move across alveolar and capillary membranes.

Heart

Muscular pump that circulates blood.

Right Atrium

Receives oxygen-poor blood.

Right Ventricle

Pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs.

Left Atrium

Receives oxygen-rich blood.

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygen-rich blood to body.

Pulmonary Artery

Carries oxygen-poor blood to lungs.

Pulmonary Vein

Carries oxygen-rich blood to heart.

Aorta

Largest artery carrying blood to body.

Artery

Vessel carrying blood away from heart.

Vein

Vessel carrying blood to heart.

Capillary Bed

Network where exchange occurs.

Blood Pressure

Force of blood against vessel walls.

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood.

Red Blood Cell

Carries oxygen.

White Blood Cell

Defends against pathogens.

Platelet

Helps blood clot.

Enzyme

Protein catalyst that speeds reactions.

Substrate

Molecule an enzyme acts on.

Active Site

Region where substrate binds.

Denature

Alteration of enzyme shape causing loss of function.

Anterior

Toward the head/front.

Posterior

Toward the tail/back.

Dorsal

Toward the back side.

Ventral

Toward the belly side.

Superior (Cranial)

Toward the head.

Inferior (Caudal)

Toward the tail.

Lateral

Away from midline.

Medial

Toward the midline.

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from point of attachment.

Urogenital Opening

Opening for urinary and reproductive tracts.