Neuroscience of drug addiction exam 1

Which of the following are a definition of a drug as discussed in class (Select all that apply)?

A substance recognized in an official pharmacopoeia or formulary

A substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease

A foreign chemical substance that produces a pharmacodynamic response in an organism

As defined by the DEA, this schedule of drug has high abuse potential and no accepted medical use:

Schedule I

Which of the following are not required for a successful New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA?

The drug must have a demonstrable mechanism of action

​Which of the following impact drug use in society?

Governmental policy and regulation

Public perception

Scientific understanding of drug pharmacology

As defined by the DEA, this schedule of drug has high abuse potential but an accepted medical use:

Schedule II

Drugs A and B create the same level of behavioral and molecular effects after administered to subjects, however, Drug A does this with a dose of 9mg/kg while Drug B does this with a dose of 8 mg/kg. How would you describe their efficacy and potency?

Drugs A and B have equal efficacy, but drug B has higher potency

Which of the following is not a component of Pharmacokinetics?

Mechanism of action

What is the main route that most drugs are removed from the body?

Kidney

When comparing two drugs, Drug A has the same effectiveness as Drug B but is more potent than Drug B. Which of the following is correct about Drug A?

The dose-effect curve for Drug A is shifted to the left

Cholesterol binds the serotonin 1A receptor, and increases serotonin's affinity for the receptor. In this example, cholesterol's actions can best be described as:

Allosteric binding

Which of the following best describes the estimated heritability for drug addiction?

Typically 40-60% across drug classes

John has been drinking regularly for the past few months. He used to feel good after having 2 beers in one night, but now he finds himself drinking 5 beers to achieve the same effect. This scenario best exemplifies which of the following:

Tolerance

Drinking coffee in the morning to avoid getting a caffeine headache would be an example of:

Negative Reinforcement

Following administration of cocaine (20 mg/kg, IP), a mouse in an ICSS apparatus will generally exhibit _______ operant responding on the active lever.

less

Which statement does not reflect our current understanding of addiction?

Drug use is often synonymous to drug addiction

Which of the following is best considered the defining feature of addiction?

Loss of control over intake of a drug

Which of the following clinical signs is not appropriate paired with the cycle of addiction?

Preoccupation/Anticipation: escalation

Operant conditioning is used in the ____ paradigm, which measures reward-like behavior in animals (select all that apply).

Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS)

Self-administration (SA)

Impulsivity and compulsivity are driven both driven by the prefrontal cortex.

True

Following continued drug use, a patient often requires higher doses of a drug to achieve the same effect (known as ____(1)____). The patients will often respond to this change by choosing to take larger doses of a drug over a longer period of time (known as ____(2)____ ).

Tolerance; Escalation

Mice exhibiting anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze apparatus spend _______ time in the open arms compared with average mice

Less

An elevation in reward (hedonic state) leads to __________ intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) operant response activity

Decreased

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss in dopamine neurons in the brain. How does this lead to the characteristic symptoms of the disease?

A lack of dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra prevents inhibitory signals from reaching the globus pallidus.

Which of the following statements about dopamine is true (select all that apply)

Dopamine can signal that there is something exciting that you should pay attention to.

Dopamine can signal when something scary is occurring that you should avoid.

Dopamine plays an important role in attention and learning.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the basal ganglia:

Hypothalamus

In the past 5 years (2012-2016), what percentage of the new FDA-approved drugs for treating psychiatric disorders have a mechanism of action that includes GPCR binding?

100%

Nearly all GPCRs (>350) have known ligands that include neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, and lipid signals

False

Which of the following contribute to negative affect?

dynorphins, CRF, KOR

The dopamine D1 receptor:

Has a lower affinity for dopamine than the D2 receptor

Gs proteins ____ adenylate cyclase, _____ [cAMP], and ____ PKA.

activate; increase; activate

The release of which neurotransmitters into the striatum produces reward (select all that apply)?

Dopamine

Glutamate

Excessive dopamine release ultimately leads to downregulation of D2 receptors in the striatum. This is an example of which type of neuroadaptation:

Within-System