ASCI 223 Midterm 2 -Reynolds

Spring 2023

What are the stages of production?

Maintenance
Breeding
Gestation
Lactation
Weaning
Growing
Finishing- reach market weight

Why do we need to know small ruminant nutrition?

- to understand how to efficiently and economically meet nutritional standards
- need to know nutrient requirements for animals in different stages of life
- its hard to understand the nutriotion that is naturally available to the animals and how to compensate for the rest

What is the importance of nutrition?

1) successful animals must efficiently convert feed into products of economic value
2)60% of cost per pound of lamb and goat production is feed cost

What can limit or improve the amount of nutrients being absorbed

the health of the animal

What vitamins are used in microbial synthesis?

B-complex and K vitamins

What can microbes convert?

ammonia into amino acids and proteins

How does the baby digest milk?

The reticulum pushes milk directly to omasum and then the Abomasum

What does TDN stand for?

Total digestible nutrients

What is flushing?

quality feed to give to a female body to trick and ovulate a lot more bc they think they are in a oasis or paradise

What are the basics of nutrition?

water
energy
protein
minerals
vitamins

What is the most critical nutrient?

water because participates in almost all body functions

What are the primary function of water?

maintain body temperature
transport nutrients and waste
establish medium for chemical reactions

How much does an adult goat and sheep drink a day?

1-1.5 gallons for each 4 pounds of dry matter

When do sheep and goats require more water intake?

late in gestation (doubled)
lactating drink 2x the amount
excessive protein intake (for elimination of extra nitrogen)
excessive salt intake
summer (12x)

What is the ideal temp of water?

45-55 degrees

Why is water essential for feedlots

efficient use of diet
pelleted feed requires more water intake
higher water intake reduces urinary calculi

When is energy used?

action of heart
to maintain blood pressure
maintain muscle tone
transmit nerve impulses
production of wool/mohair
ion transport through membranes
re-absorption in kidneys
synthesis of protein and fats
secretion of milk

What are energy deficiency causes?

slow growth
reproduction failure
low resistance to parasites/ diseases
higher lamb/ kid mortality
weight loss
decreased milk
shorter lactation period
reduced quality/ quantity of wool

How are energy requirements met?

carbs, fat, and excess protein

How much does carbs make up?

65-75% of dry matter of plants

What are examples of carbohydrates?

starch
sugars
cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin

What is cellulose/ hemicellulose?

microbes use as energy
in fermentation, VFA's are produced for the body for energy
(starch in grain is digested more rapidly than fiber)

How does fats transfer as energy?

-They have a larger portion of Carbon and Hydrogen than carbs
- create 2.25x more energy per lb than carbs
- but has high water content in feed so it can cause energy deficiency bc they can't consume enough

Ewe Energy Requirements

Maintenance- 113 days- 1.5 TDN
Flush/ Breeding- 35 days- 2.3 TDN
Early Gestation- 105 days- 1.7 TDN
Late Gestation- 42 Days- 2.8 TDN
Lactating with single- 60 days- 3.6 TDN
Lactating with twins- 60 days- 4.0 TDN
Post Weaning- 10 days- 1.4 TDN

Lamb Energy Requirements

Early weaned lamb (mod growth)- 22lbs- .44ADG- .9TDN
Early weaned lamb (rapid growth)- 22lbs-.55ADG-1.1TD
Finishing (4-7 months old)- 66lbs- .65ADG- 2.1 TDN

Doe Energy Requirements

Maintenance- 1.3TDN
Early Gestation- 2 TDN
Late Gestation- 2.8 TDN
Lactation- 2.2 TDN

Kid Energy Requirements

Maintenance- .9 TDN
Finishing (.33lb/day gain) 1.5TDN

What is TDN?

the sum of digestible crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and nitrogen- free extract

What are the highest of energy feeds?

whole cottonseed
shelled corn
soybean meal
oats

What are the lowest of energy feeds?

bermuda grass
sudan grass
alfalfa
cane molasses
cottonseed meal

What do protein contain?

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
(sometimes sulfur and phophorus\= amino acids)

Why is protein important in feed?

make up structural and protective tissues
- bones
- ligaments
- wool/mohair
- hoofs
- skin
- soft tissue
- organs
- muscle

What are the biological functions of protein?

enzyme and hormone reactions
oxygen transport
vision
muscle contractions
antibodies

What breeds need the most protein?

suffolk
hampshire
boer

What happens during low protein?

slow growth rate
lower milk production
reduce reproductivity
reduce immunity
under weight kids
fertility
low kid vigor

How do ruminants digest protein?

rumen micro attack and breakdown feed protein
feed protein-\> basic amino acid makeup
amino acids synthesized into microbial protein
absorbed in rumen

How do you measure protein?

% of crude protein\= % of entire daily diet (dry)

What is crude protein

pounds of protein required within entire daily diet
or
measures total nitrogenous compounds and then assumes nitrogen content of proteins 16%

Sheep Protein Requirement

Maintenance- 9.6 %CP- .25lb
Late Gestation- 11.2%CP- .47lb
Lactating w/ twins- 14.8%CP- .92lbs
Early weaned lamb- 16.8%CP- .37lbs
Finishing lamb(4-7)- 11.7%CP- .41lbs

Goat Protein Requirement

Doe- 9.0%CP
Late gestation- 10%CP
Lactating- 11.6%CP
Early Weaned kid- 14%CP
Finishing goat- 9%CP

What are the biggest sources of protein?

soybean
cottonseed
sunflower
peanut

What are the lowest sources of protein?

corn
barley
oats
wheat
(should be fed as energy source)

What is urea?

least expensive source of protein for sheep and goats
non protein nitrogen\= 288%CP
fed with carbs

What are the 7 macrominerals

sodium
chloride
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
potassium
sulfur

What are the microminerals?

iodine
copper
iron
manganese
zinc
molybdenum
cobalt
selenium
fluoride

What are the major roles of minerals?

skeletal and nervous system

What are the mineral requirements based on?

breed
age
sex
growth
stage/ level of production
nutrient balance
bio-availability

What are the mineral requirement ratios?

Ca:P
Ca: Zn
Cu: MC
Cu: Mo: S

Calcium Deficiency

metabolic disorder: tetany (muscles can't relax) or urinary calculi skeleton problems

Phosphorus Deficiency

rickets
slow growth
low appetite
listless

What is the recommended ratio for Ca:P

2:1

What is tetany?

convulsions, calcification of soft tissue, death (mostly during lactation

What is the main function of copper?

functioning of nervous system
- part of pigmentation of skin, hair, and wool
- enzyme rxns
- essential for nerve and muscle coordination

What happens during copper deficiency?

neonatal ataxia
hair/wool crimp
anemia
osteoporosis
excess MO
infertility
spontaneous bone fractures

What is neonatal ataxia?

swayback in young lambs during birth
muscle coordination and partial paralysis of back legs

What is hair/wool crimp?

older animals can have change in hair/wool
lack tensile strength and elasticity
lack of pigmentation

What happens during copper toxicity?

more common
red blood cells hemolysis
jaundice
hemoglobinuria
death

What is hemogloinuria?

too much oxygen

What are the copper requirements for sheep and goats?

Sheep\= 5-15PPM
Goats\= 10-80PPM

What is the iron requirement?

50-100ppm

Why is Iron important?

component of red blood cell hemoglobin so critical for O2 transport

Where is Iron stored?

liver, spleen, and bone marrow

What does iron deficiency look like?

slow growth
lethargic
lowered immunity
death
increased respiratory rates

What can cause Iron deficiency?

heavy parasite infections
causes secondary reaction of anemia
treat with iron injections

What is the main function of selenium?

essential part of cardiac and skeletal muscle

What does selenium deficiency look like?

unthrifty
early embryonic death
periodontal disease
reduced growth
white muscle diseas

How do you treat selenium deficiency?

supplemented through proper diets or injections

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

ADEK

Which vitamins are water soluble?

B

What are the best sources for Vitamin A?

best in green pasture
dry hay (not corn or grains)

What happens when you are Vitamin A deficient?

Growth retardation
retained placenta
bone malformation
reproductive failure
night blindness
deformed or dead lambs at birth

What are the best sources for Vitamin D?

Sun cured hay (not grain)
don't mix with minerals because it can oxidize

What does Vitamin D prevent?

prevents rickets in young lambs/kids
prevents osteomalacia in old

What happens if Vitamin D deficient?

congenital malformations (only if mom is deficient in pregnancy)

What is the main function Vitamin E does for the body?

maintain body cell membrane activity

What happens if Vitamin E deficient?

white muscle disease
lambs die from pneumonia
heart failure
starvation

What are the best sources for Vitamin E?

legumes
alfalfa
linseed meal
wheat germ
grain and grass hays

What is the main function Vitamin K does for the body?

maintains blood clotting mechanism in body

Where is K1 supplied?

leafy greens

Where is K2 supplied?

rumen fermentation

What is Vitamin K used for?

treat animals if ingest poison

What is star gazing?

happens to early weaned or feedlot lambs
from deficiency of Thiamine (Vit B)
treatment\= injections
loose sight
stiffen

Why is body conditioning score important?

to monitor the effectiveness of nutrition

What is body conditioning score?

measure of body energy reserves

What factors effect body conditioning score?

nutrition
health
stage of production
environment
climate
topography

How do you develop the body conditioning score?

1) along topline- definition of individual vertebrae, depth of either side
2) over ribs- place fingers between rib bones to find depth
3) Rump- protruding hooks, pins, tail head
4) Sternum- pinch to assess muscle/ fat deposition
5) Shoulder- along blade, depth of muscle

When do you develop the body conditioning score?

before breeding
last 3 weeks of gestation
6 weeks into lactation
weaning

What is the ideal BCS?

4-6 because they will consistently preform at optimum

What are negative consequences of obese animals?

prone to pregnancy toxemia (hypertension)
fatty liver syndrome
kidding/lambing difficulties
low conception rates
impaired immunity
less athletic, energetic

What are negative consequences of thin animals?

pregnancy toxemia
poor reproductive if at all
low kid/ lamb crop
increased parasite load/ lowered immunity
lethargic
reduced feed consumption

What are 3 characteristics all ID's should have?

permanent
easily visible
recorded

What are commonly used ID's?

ear tags
tattoo
paint brands

What are registered animals?

breed registry provides ear tags labeling individual registration number and flock identification

What are important thinks to record or keep track of?

individual animals
genetic/ phenotype evaluation
EPDS
economically important traits (rate of grain, crop%)
generation comparisons

For reproduction information what do you record?

date/age of 1st born
ease
number of offspring
number of offspring that survive

For maternal ability information what do you record?

birth weight
30/60/90 day weight
single or twin

For lactation information what do you record?

daily production
duration
fat/protein

For growth information what do you record?

birth
30/60/90 weight
weaning
yearly

For wool/mohair information what do you record?

fleece weight
quality (staple, length, micron)

For carcass information what do you record?

weight
length
fat depth
kidney-pelvic fat
grade
loin eye area