psych quiz 5-6

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

REM sleep

a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learned to link two or more stimuli to anticipate events

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

punishment

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviors toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive evens

fixed interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specific time has lapsed

stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

variable ration schedule

in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable number of responses

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow bodily functions

extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

unconditioned response

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after associations with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response