Disorders of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

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221 Terms

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Blood Vessel Structure

Anatomy and function of blood vessels.

<p>Anatomy and function of blood vessels.</p>
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Systemic Arterial BP Regulation

Mechanisms controlling blood pressure in arteries.

<p>Mechanisms controlling blood pressure in arteries.</p>
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Deoxygenated Blood

Blood lacking oxygen, collected by vena cavae.

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Right Atrium

Chamber receiving deoxygenated blood from body.

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Tricuspid Valve

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle.

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Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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Pulmonary Artery

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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Oxygenated Blood

Blood enriched with oxygen from the lungs.

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Left Atrium

Chamber receiving oxygenated blood from lungs.

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Mitral Valve

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.

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Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

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Aorta

Main artery delivering blood to the body.

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Systolic BP

Pressure during ventricular contraction.

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Diastolic BP

Pressure during ventricular relaxation and filling.

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Pulse Pressure

Difference between systolic and diastolic BP.

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Normal Pulse Pressure

Approximately 40 mmHg in healthy adults.

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Widened Pulse Pressure

Indicates risk for coronary artery disease.

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Stroke Volume

Blood ejected from left ventricle per beat.

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Mean Arterial BP (MAP)

Average arterial pressure during cardiac cycle.

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MAP Normal Range

90-100 mmHg for healthy individuals.

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MAP Calculation

MAP = (Cardiac output) x (Peripheral vascular resistance).

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Cardiac Output

Total blood pumped by heart per minute.

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Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR)

Resistance blood encounters in circulatory system.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

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Blood Pressure (BP)

Product of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.

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Cardiac Output

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

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Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR)

Resistance in blood vessels affecting blood flow.

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Systolic BP

Pressure in arteries during heartbeats.

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Arterial Stiffness

Loss of elasticity in arteries, replaced by collagen.

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Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Chronic disorder causing restricted blood flow in extremities.

<p>Chronic disorder causing restricted blood flow in extremities.</p>
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Atherosclerotic Plaque

Buildup of fats and cholesterol in arteries.

<p>Buildup of fats and cholesterol in arteries.</p>
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Intermittent Claudication

Pain in legs during exercise due to insufficient blood flow.

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Ischemia

Insufficient blood supply to tissues, causing damage.

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Atrophic Changes

Thinning of skin and subcutaneous tissues due to ischemia.

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Dependent Rubor

Deep red color in limbs when lowered, indicating blood flow.

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Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)

Compares BP in ankle and arm to assess circulation.

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Doppler Ultrasound

Non-invasive method to assess blood flow in vessels.

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Anti-platelet Agents

Medications like aspirin that reduce blood clotting risk.

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Statins

Medications that lower cholesterol levels in the blood.

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Walking Therapy

Exercise to promote collateral circulation in PAD patients.

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Aortic Aneurysm

Weakening of aorta's layers, potentially leading to rupture.

<p>Weakening of aorta's layers, potentially leading to rupture.</p>
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Pulsating Mass

Possible sign of an aortic aneurysm in patients.

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Risk Factors for Aneurysms

Hypertension, elevated lipids, atherosclerosis, smoking history.

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Rupture Prevention

Critical to avoid as aorta supplies blood to the body.

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Clinical Manifestations of PAD

Symptoms include pale skin, weak pulses, and non-healing sores.

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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Rare condition presenting with abdominal/back pain and bulge.

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Triple A

Abbreviation for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

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Internal Hemorrhage

Severe bleeding inside the body, life-threatening.

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CT Scan

Imaging technique for diagnosing aortic conditions.

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MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging for detailed internal views.

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Pulsating Aneurysm

Aneurysm with rhythmic expansion, risk of rupture.

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Surgical Repair

Emergency procedure for ruptured aneurysms.

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Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

Aneurysm located in the thoracic region of the aorta.

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Substernal Pain

Pain below the sternum, indicative of thoracic issues.

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Tracheal Compression

Pressure on trachea causing breathing difficulties.

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Laryngeal Nerve Pressure

Causes hoarseness due to nerve compression.

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Esophageal Compression

Difficulty swallowing due to pressure on the esophagus.

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Superior Vena Cava Compression

Leads to neck vein distention and facial edema.

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Blood Stasis

Reduced blood flow, increases risk of thrombus formation.

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Aortic Dissection

Life-threatening tear in the aorta's vessel wall.

<p>Life-threatening tear in the aorta's vessel wall.</p>
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Excruciating Pain

Severe pain described as tearing or ripping sensation.

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Syncopal Episodes

Fainting due to obstructed blood flow to the brain.

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Hypertension

High blood pressure, a risk factor for dissections.

<p>High blood pressure, a risk factor for dissections.</p>
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Systolic BP Control

Management of blood pressure to reduce dissection risk.

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Prosthetic Graft

Artificial replacement for damaged aortic segments.

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Mortality Rate

High risk of death associated with aortic dissection.

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Degenerative Changes

Deterioration of aortic wall layers, increasing dissection risk.

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Type A Aortic Dissection

More common, severe; involves ascending aorta.

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Type B Aortic Dissection

Begins distal to subclavian artery; does not involve ascending aorta.

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Hypertension

Sustained elevated blood pressure in arteries.

<p>Sustained elevated blood pressure in arteries.</p>
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Primary Risk Factor

Leading cause of cardiovascular disease globally.

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Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

Age, ethnicity, family history, genetics.

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Modifiable Risk Factors

Diet, tobacco, alcohol, obesity, fitness.

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Target Organ Damage

Increased risk for heart disease and stroke.

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Hypertensive Emergency

BP over 180/120 with acute organ damage.

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Acute Organ Damage

Can lead to ischemic stroke or retinal hemorrhage.

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Cardiomyopathy

Diverse diseases affecting heart muscle function.

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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Thickened heart wall; impairs relaxation and filling.

<p>Thickened heart wall; impairs relaxation and filling.</p>
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Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Both genetic and non-genetic origins; heart dilation.

<p>Both genetic and non-genetic origins; heart dilation.</p>
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Idiopathic Cardiomyopathy

No known cause for heart muscle disease.

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Hypertensive Retinopathy

Eye damage due to uncontrolled hypertension.

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Ventricular Hypertrophy

Thickening of heart muscle walls.

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Acute Coronary Syndrome

Spectrum of conditions from unstable angina to heart attack.

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Chronic Kidney Disease

Long-term damage from uncontrolled hypertension.

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Ischemic Stroke

Blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain.

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Cardiac Arrhythmias

Irregular heartbeats; can occur in HCM.

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Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction

Blockage of blood flow from left ventricle.

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Pregnancy-Related Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy occurring during or after pregnancy.

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Blood Pressure Control

Management strategy for reducing hypertension effects.

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Ventricular Fibrillation

Most common cause of sudden cardiac death in athletes.

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Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Genetic transmission pattern affecting sarcomere protein genes.

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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy and obstruction.

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Diastolic Dysfunction

Occurs due to stiff, non-compliant left ventricle.

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Systolic Function

Normal function despite diastolic dysfunction presence.

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Clinical Manifestations

Symptoms include dyspnea, chest pain, syncope, arrhythmias.

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Beta-Blockers

Medications used to improve diastolic filling.

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Calcium Channel Blockers

Medications that reduce left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

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Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT)

Path for blood exiting the left ventricle to aorta.

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Myocardial Ischemia

Increased risk despite normal coronary arteries.

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Disopyramide

Medication that increases risk of ventricular arrhythmias.