AP HUG Chapter 12 and 13 Vocab

Basic Business

A business that sells its products or services primarily to consumers Out side the settlement

Business service

A Service that primary meets the needs of other businesses including professional, financial, and transportation Services

Central place

A market center for the exchange of service by people attracted from the surrounding area.

Central place theory

A theory that explains the distribution of Services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for Services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide Services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

Clustered rural settlements

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement

Consumer Services

A business that provides services primary to individual consumers, including retail Services and education, health, and leisure Services

Dispersed rural settlements

a rural settlement pattern charcterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Economic base

A community's collection of basic businesses

Enclosure movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century

Food desert

An area that has a substantial amount of low income residents and has poor access to a grocery store

Global city

A major center for the provision Of Services in the global economy

Gravity Model

A model that holds the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

Market area (or hinterland)

The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services

Megacity

an Urban settlement with a total population in excess of 10 million people

Metacity

an Urban settlement with a total population in excess of 20 million people

Nonbasic business

A business that sells it product primarily to consumers in the community

Periodic market

a collection of individual vendors who come together to offer goods and Services in a location on specified days

Primate City

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as Many people as the second- ranking settlement

Primate City rule

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement

Public service

A service offered by the government to provide security and protection for Citizens and business

Range (of a Service)

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

Rank-size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

Service

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it

Settlements

A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support a service

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States

Census tract

An area delineated by the US Bureau of the census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

Central business district CBD

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

Central City

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit

Combine statistical area CSA

In the United States two or more contiguous core-based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns

Density gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery

Concentric zone model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

Core base statistical area cbsa

In the United States the collection of all Metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas

Edge City

A node of office and Retail activity on the edge of an urban area

Galactic or peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large Suburban residential and business areas tied together by a Beltway or Ring Road

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class owner-occupied area

Informal settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

Megalopolis

A continuous Urban complex in the northeastern United States

Metropolitan statistical area MSA

In the United States, and urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the county within the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the Central City

Micropolitan statistical area (USA)

An urbanized area between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties tied to the city

Multiple nuclei model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

Public housing

Government-owned housing rented to low-income people

Rush Hour

The four consecutive 15 minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic

Sector model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors or wedges radiating out from the Central Business District

Smart growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland

Social area analysis

Statistical analysis used to identify where people are similar living standards ethnic backgrounds and Lifestyles live within an urban area

Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

Suburb

A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the Central City

Under class

A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed Society because of a variety of Social and economic disadvantages

Urban area

A dense core census tract, densely settled suburbs, and low density land that links the dense suburbs with the core

Urban cluster

In the United States in urban area with between 2500 and 50,000 inhabitants

Urbanized area

In the United States in urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants