The p-Block Elements

This is a set of flashcards for reviewing the p-Block elements

p-Block Elements

Elements in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table.

ns2 np1-6

The valence shell electronic configuration for p-block elements.

Group 15 Elements

Includes nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus; Arsenic, Antimony; Bismuth

Non-metals, metalloids, and metals, respectively.

Chile Saltpetre

Sodium nitrate, NaNO3, also known as Chile saltpetre.

Apatite

Calcium phosphate family, Ca9(PO4)6.CaX2 (X = F, Cl, or OH).

ns2 np3

Valence shell electronic configuration of Group 15 elements.

Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons in a chemical bond.

-3, +3, +5

Common oxidation states of Group 15 elements.

Inert Pair Effect

The effect where the s-electrons in the valence shell remain inert and do not participate in bonding.

Covalency

The maximum number of covalent bonds an atom can form.

Catenation

The ability of an element to form chains of identical atoms.

EH3

Hydrides of Group 15 elements with the formula EH3 (E = N, P, As, Sb, Bi).

E2O3 and E2O5

Two types of oxides formed by Group 15 elements.

EX3 and EX5

Halides formed by Group 15 elements with the formulas EX3 and EX5.

(NH4)2Cr2O7

Thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate.

Ba(N3)2

Thermal decomposition of sodium or barium azide.

Haber's Process

Process where ammonia is manufactured on a large scale.

NH3

Lewis base due to lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom.

Oxides of Nitrogen

Oxides of nitrogen: Dinitrogen oxide (N2O), Nitrogen monoxide (NO), Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)

Oxoacids of Nitrogen

Oxoacids of nitrogen: hyponitrous acid (H2N2O2), nitrous acid (HNO2) and nitric acid (HNO3).

Ostwald’s process

Large scale preparation of nitric acid.

Brown Ring Test

Test to detect the presence of nitrate ions in solution.

White, Red, and Black

Important allotropic forms of phosphorus.

Preparation of Phosphine (PH3)

Reaction of calcium phosphide with water or dilute HCl.

Preparation of Phosphine (PH3)

Reaction of white phosphorus with concentrated NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere of CO2.

Holme's Signals

Spontaneous combustion of phosphine used in signals.

Preparation of Phosphorus Trichloride (PCl3)

Passing dry chlorine over heated white phosphorus.

Preparation of Phosphorus Pentachloride (PCl5)

The reaction of white phosphorus with excess of dry chlorine.

Orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), Orthophosphorous acid (H3PO3), Pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7), Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2)

Oxoacids of Phosphorus

Group 16 Elements

Oxygen, sulphur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium.

ns2 np4

General electronic configuration of Group 16 elements.

-2

Oxidation state of oxygen, except in OF2.

H2E

Hydrides of Group 16 elements: H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te, H2Po.

EO2 and EO3

Oxides of Group 16 elements.

EX6, EX4 and EX2

Halides formed by Group 16 elements: EX6, EX4, and EX2.

Laboratory Preparation of Dioxygen

Heating oxygen containing salts (chlorates, nitrates, permanganates).

Large Scale Preparation of Dioxygen

Electrolysis of water.

Oxide

Binary compound of oxygen with another element.

Allotropic Forms of Sulphur

Reversible conversion between rhombic (α-sulphur) and monoclinic (β-sulphur).

Preparation of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Burning sulphur in air or oxygen.

Preparation of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Using sulphite with dilute sulphuric acid

Preparation of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Roasting of sulphide ores.

First Step of Contact Process-Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid

Burning of sulphur or sulphide ores in air to generate SO2.

Second Step of Contact Process-Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid

Conversion of SO2 to SO3 by the reaction with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst (V2O5).

Third Step of Contact Process-Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid

Absorption of SO3 in H2SO4 to give Oleum (H2S2O7).

Group 17 Elements (Halogens)

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.

ns2 np5

General electronic configuration of Group 17 elements.

Oxidation States of Halogens +1, +3, +5, +7

From ground state, first excited state, second excited state, and third excited state.

Preparation of Chlorine

By heating manganese dioxide with concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Manufacture of Chlorine

Deacon's process and electrolytic process produce chlorine.

History of Hydrogen Chloride Acid Preparation

Glauber in 1648.

Aqua Regia

A mixture of concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO3, used for dissolving noble metals.

Oxoacids of Halogens

HOF, HOCl, HOBr, HOI.

Interhalogen Compounds

Compounds formed when two different halogens react with each other.

Group 18 Elements (Noble Gases)

helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.

Electronic Configuration of Noble Gases

All noble gases have general electronic configuration ns2 np6 except helium which has 1s2.