PSL 310- cardiovascular physiology

exam 4

what is the location of the heart

the left side of the chest

where is oxygenated blood located within the heart

the left side

where is deoxygenated blood located within the heart

the right side

what are the upper chambers of the heart

atrium

what are the lower chambers of the heart

ventricles

where does the right side of the heart pump blood to

the lungs

what is the name of the circuit on the right side of the heart

pulmonary circuit

what is the purpose of the pulmonary circut

to oxygenate blood

where does the left side of the heart pump blood to

all of the body

what is the name of the circuit on the right side of the body

the systemic circuit

what is the purpose of the systemic circuit

to keep the body alive

is deoxygenated blood blue

NO

what is the general route blood takes from the heart to cells of the body

artery to arterioles to capillary to cells

what is blood made out of

plasma, wbcs and platelets, and rbcs

how much of blood is plasma

55%

how much of blood is wbcs and platelets

<1%

how much of blood is rbcs

44%

what type of tissue is blood

a connective tissue

what part of blood is an extracellular matrix

the liquid portion

where is the base of the heart located

where the atria and ventricle separate

where is the apex of the heart located

the bottom of the heart, making a triangle with the base

what is the size difference between the right and left atria

they are the same size

what is the inter ventricular sulcus

a space between the two ventricles that contains fat and LAD

where does the pulmonary trunk come out of

the right ventricle

what does the pulmonary trunk split into

pulmonary arteries

is an artery afferent or efferent

efferent

is a vein afferent or efferent

afferent

do veins contain deoxygenated or oxygenated blood

deoxygenated

do arteries contain deoxygenated or oxygenated blood

oxygenated, but deoxygenated in the pulmonary artery

what path does blood take after leaving the right ventricle and is the blood deoxygenated or oxygenated

pulmonary artery to pulmonary arteriole to pulmonary capillary where gas exchange occurs to alveoli capillaries to pulmonary venules to pulmonary veins to the left atrium

where does the ascending aorta connect to the heart

the left ventricle

does the ascending aorta contain deoxygenated or oxygenated blood

oxygenated

what does the ascending aorta become

the aortic arch

what are the 3 trunks that come off the aortic arch

the left subclavian, the left common carotid, and the brachliophilic trunk

what does the brachliophilic trunk branch into

the right common carotid and the right subclavian

where does a subclavian artery go

to the arm

what does a subclavian artery become

brachial artery and then the radial and ulna artery

where does a common carotid artery go

the head and neck

what does the aortic arch become

the thoracic descending aorta

where does the thoracic descending aorta go

abdomen and legs

what does the thoracic descending aorta become

the femoral artery

what is the ligament arteriosum

connective tissue that connects the aortic arch to the top of the left pulmonary artery

what 3 ways is deoxygenated blood brought to the right atrium

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

where does the superior vena cava bring blood to the right atrium from

head, neck, and arms

where does the inferior vena cava bring blood to the right atrium from

toes, legs, and torso

where does the coronary sinus bring blood to the right atrium from

the heart

how does oxygenated blood get to the left atrium from the lungs

via the pulmonary veins

what does a sulcus do on the heart

show the separate chambers on the exterior of the heart

what is the fossa ovals

a closed hole known as the foramen centralis that closed after birth

foramen centralis

a hole that allows oxygenated blood to bypass the heart in infancy and the womb

where is the right AV valve located

between the right atria and the right ventricle

how many leaflets does the right AV valve have giving it a nickname

3, tricuspid

where are chord tendinae connected and what is their function

to the AV valve and the papillary muscle, to ensure there is one way blood flow

what are trabecular carneae

muscle ridges inside of the heart

which side of the heart has thicker muscle

the left

what is the inter ventricular septum

the thick wall of muscle separating the two ventricles

what is the pulmonary semilunar valve

a 3 cusped valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

during systole what is happening to the semilunar valve

it is open due to pressure increase, allowing blood to flow to the lungs

during diastole what is happening to the semilunar valve

blood starts to flow back, causing the cusps to close

where is the left AV valve located

between the left atrium and ventricle

how many leaflets does the left AV valve have, giving it this nickname

2, bicuspid

ductus arteroles

blood vessel in fetus, connecting pulmonary artery to aorta

what does the ductus arterioles become

ligamentum arterolusium

what is happening to the ventricles during ventricular diastole

ventricles are relaxed

what is happening to the AV valve during ventricular diastole

it is wide open

what is happening to the semilunar valve during ventricular diastole

is is closed

where is blood going during ventricular diastole

into the heart

what is happening to the ventricles during ventricular systole

they are contracted

what is happening to the AV valve during ventricular systole

is is closed

where is blood going during ventricular systole

pushed out of the aorta and pulmonary trunk

what does it mean that the semilunar valves are semi intrinsic

blood can push them shut

what happened to semilunar valves when there is high pressure

they are pushed open

are AV valves semi intrinsic

no they rely on cortitendinae and papillary muscle to open and close

how long is one trip around the cardio vascular system

1 minute

where does the blood go once the atria contract

the ventricles

what happens to the ventricles when the atria relax

the ventricles contract

where does the blood go when the ventricles contract

pulmonary trunk/ aorta

what are the openings at the base of the aorta that lead to the coronary artery

ostia

where does the blood from the right coronary artery go

to the right side of the heart

where does the blood from the left coronary artery go

to the left anterior descending (LAD) and then the left circumflex

how much of the left myocardium is fed with blood from the LAD

75%

what is the LAD nickname

the widow maker

when someone dies of an MI what causes their death

arrhythmia/ impaired blood flow, also causing crazy heart rate and rhythm

who is more likely to die from an MI and when

men earlier in life and it is equal after women go through menopause

why are women less likely to have an MI before menopause

the estrogen in their body helps protect the cardiovascular system

what do the numbers 120/80 correlate to

systole/diastole

systole

peak blood pressure when heart contracts

diastole

peak blood pressure when heart is relaxed

where is systole in an aortic pressure graph

the large positive slope

where is diastole in an aortic pressure graph

the large negative slope

are the peaks in the left carotid or right carotid larger/ sharper for the coronary blood flow graph

left carotid is larger and sharper

is systole or diastole the thud of a heart beat

systole ( the blood being pushed out)

is systole or diastole the silence after the thud of a heart beat

diastole (blood comes back in)

Atherosclerosis

autoimmune disease that develops in the inner wall of a blood vessel

what happens to the blood vessel in atherosclerosis

plaque build up on the inner wall causing the narrowing of arterioles

what are blood vessels lined by

endothelial cells

what are blood vessels surrounded by

a smooth lumen

CAD stands for

coronary artery disease

what does atherosclerosis cause

impaired blood flow dues to the Fornation of plaque

what can also clog a blood vessel once plaque is there

macrophages, lined with lipid and Ca