Anatomy Lecture 1

Carbohydrates

________:: built from monosaccharides, structural molecule attaches on protein for cell recognition and energy storage.

Nervous

________:: glia provide protection nourishment and support to nerve cells, provides long- distance communication within the body.

Epithelial

________:: lines walls of open tubes, provides secretory and absorptive surfaces, basal and apical (bottom and top)

Connective

provides support integrity for other tissues, has varied cell arrangement.

Physiology

________:: Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life- sustaining activities.

Lipids

________:: no specific building blocks, long term energy molecule, structural component of the membrane bilayer, facilitator of cell- cell interactions.

Requirements for life

Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth.

Anatomy

________:: study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

Homeostatic set points

________:: established thresholds required for physiological processes to maintain balance.

Muscle

:: generates mechanical force, includes skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)

Proteins

________:: built from amino acids, fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell.

Nucleic Acids

________:: built from nucleotides, unit for DNA (hereditary info) and RNA (protein synthesis)

Homeostasis

________:: the processes that maintain steady conditions within the human body.

Skeletal System

________:: Joints and bones; protects and supports organs, provides a framework for the muscles to move, blood cells are formed within bones and minerals are stored inside bones.

Digestive System

________:: Oral cavity, stomach, large intestine; breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

Endocrine System

________:: Glands, pancreas, reproductive organs; secrete hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.

Anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Physiology

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

Four major classes of biomolecules

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids

Proteins

built from amino acids, fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell

Lipids

no specific building blocks, long term energy molecule, structural component of the membrane bilayer, facilitator of cell-cell interactions

Carbohydrates

built from monosaccharides, structural molecule attaches on protein for cell recognition and energy storage

Nucleic Acids

built from nucleotides, unit for DNA (hereditary info) and RNA (protein synthesis)

Mitochondria example of structure/function

specialized folds of mitochondrial membrane leads to Increase in surface area for proteins that carry out mitochondrial respiration

Requirements for life

Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

There are 11 organ systems in the human body

Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Cardiovascular System, Endocrine System, Lymphatic System, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Male Reproductive System, Female Reproductive System

Integumentary System

Hair, skin, nails; offers protection and covering, synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous(pain, pressure etc.)

Skeletal System

Joints and bones; protects and supports organs, provides a framework for the muscles to move, blood cells are formed within bones and minerals are stored inside bones

Muscular System

Muscles; allows manipulation of the environment, movement, and facial expression, maintains posture and reduces heat

Nervous System

Brain, nerves, spinal cord; Fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands as needed

Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood vessels; transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc, heart pumps blood

Endocrine System

Glands, pancreas, reproductive organs; secrete hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use

Lymphatic System

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus; Picks up fluid leaked by blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells

Respiratory System

Nasal cavity, lungs, trachea; keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2

Digestive System

Oral cavity, stomach, large intestine; breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

Urinary System

Kidney, bladder, urethra;eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood

Male Reproductive System

Penis, prostate, testis; Production of offspring,testis produce sperm

Female Reproductive System

Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus; Produces offspring, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

All cells comprise at least

plasma membrane, genetic material, and cytosolic fluid

Four major categories of tissue

Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous

Connective

provides support/integrity for other tissues, has varied cell arrangement

Muscle

generates mechanical force, includes skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)

Epithelial

lines walls of open tubes, provides secretory and absorptive surfaces, basal and apical (bottom and top)

Nervous

glia provide protection nourishment and support to nerve cells, provides long-distance communication within the body

Anatomical position

hands at side, palms forward, feet together

Supine position

face up

Prone position

face down

Anterior (Cranial)

toward the front of the body

Posterior

toward the back of the body

Medial

closer to the midline that divides the body left and right

Lateral

Further away from the midline that divides the body left and right

Superior

closer to the head

Inferior

toward the feet

Proximal

Closer to the trunk (bigger part of the body)

Distal

Further from the trunk

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Farther from the surface of the body

Transverse Section

divides body into upper and lower sections

Sagittal Section

Divides the body into left and right sections

Coronal Section

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections

Homeostasis

the processes that maintain steady conditions within the human body

Homeostatic set points

established thresholds required for physiological processes to maintain balance

Negative Feedback

The outcome of the feedback loop is a return to the homeostatic set point

Positive Feedback

The physiological response elicited by the stimulus acts to increase the original stimulus

Insulin regulation is an example of

negative feedback