MICROPARA - Cardiovascular System

Sepsis

systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by spread of bacteria or their toxin from a focus of infection

Septicemia

sepsis involving proliferation of pathogens in the blood

ENDOCARDITIS

inflammation of the endocardium

Subacute bacterial endocarditis

develops slowly, characterized by fever, general weakness, and heart murmur

alpha hemolytic

Subacute bacterial endocarditis is caused by what streptococci

S. aureus

Acute bacterial endocarditis is caused by

streptococci

Pericarditis or inflammation of the pericardium is caused by

RHEUMATIC FEVER

an autoimmune complication from such as from S. pyogenes infection

TULAREMIA

rabbit fever" caused by Francisella tularensis

TULAREMIA

Zoonotic, that is, transmitted by animals

Bacteria reproduce in phagocytes Transmitted by bites and scratches of infected animals, carcass handling, tick bites

● Ulcer at the site of entry and enlargement of the regional lymph nodes

● Considered a bioweapon due to aerosol infection route

BRUCELLOSIS

most common bacterial zoonosis, caused by Brucella

BRUCELLOSIS

Transmission: contact with infected animals; also via ingestion of milk or milk products

ANTHRAX - Cutaneous

- most common; endospores enter through minor cut; causes ulcerated area with black scab (image

ANTHRAX - Gastrointestinal

- Ingestion of undercooked contaminated food; nausea, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea

ANTHRAX - Pulmonary

-most dangerous; through spore inhalation.

If not treated, will progress to septic shock

GANGRENE

death of soft tissue resulting from loss of blood supply

GANGRENE

Treatment: surgical removal of necrotic tissue and amputation; penicillin

Cat-scratch disease

caused by Bartonella henselae (aerobic, gram-); transmitted most commonly by cat scratches a. Swelling of lymph nodes; malaise & fever after

Rat-bite fever

from rat bites; Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus a. Fever, chills, muscle and joint pain; rashes on extremities after few days

PLAGUE

caused by Yersinia pestis (gram- rod) transmitted by rat flea

Bubonic Plague

Enlargement of lymph nodes in groin and armpit (buboes), fever

Septicemic plague

if bacteria cause septic shock

Pneumonic Plague

in the lungs; nearly 100% mortality; spread by airborne droplets

Relapsing fever

caused by Borrelia (spirochete) transmitted by soft ticks that feed on rodents

Lyme disease

caused by Borrelia burgdorfori ○ Causes rash that looks like a bull's eye, can progress to chronic arthritis Ixodes

Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis

caused by Ehrlichia chafeensis (rickettsia, gram-); transmitted by ticks

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA)

caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum

TYPHUS-

-transmitted by rickettsias (obligate intracellular parasites), spread by arthropod vectors

Epidemic typhus

carried by human body louse; feces of louse gets rubbed into wound of bitten host ○ High and prolonged fever, stupor, red rash ○ Treatable, but prevention is better

Spotted fever / Rocky Mountain spotted fever

transmitted by wood or dog tick ○ Rash like measles, but also appears on soles and palms; fever and headache ○ Tetracycline and chloramphenicol are very effective if administered early

INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS -

caused by Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4

INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS -

The virus establishes a lifelong infection in most people that is harmless and rarely causes disease

● Infection through transfer of saliva by kissing ("kissing disease") or sharing glasses

● Fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy

● Disease name due to proliferation of monocytes with

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS(CMV) INFECTIONS

● Caused by cytomegalovirus (human herpesvirus 5) that can remain latent in WBCs ● Cytomegalic inclusion disease - in newborns; causes congenital abnormalities ● Cytomegaly - enlarged cells ○ In adults, no symptoms or resembles infectious mononucleosis

CHIKUNGUNYA

caused by the chikungunya virus; mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti or A. albopictus)

CHIKUNGUNYA

● Rarely, can be transmitted from mother-newborn, or infected blood transfusion

● Fever & joint pain; may include muscle pain, joint swelling, rash (bottom pic)

● No vaccine or medicine

● Prevention of mosquito bites or control of mosquito population

DENGUE

caused by dengue virus; same vector as chikungunya

DENGUE

● Can, rarely, spread from mother-unborn or blood transfusion/needle injury/organ transplant

● Fever and any of the following: vomiting, rash, nausea, aches and pains (typically behind eyes/muscle/joint pain)

● Warning signs of severe form (dengue hemorrhagic fever): stomach or belly pain, tenderness, bleeding from the nose/gums, vomiting blood, or blood in the stool

● No specific medication

● Prevention is key

Yellow Fever

caused by the yellow fever virus, spread by Aedes ● fever with aches and pains to severe liver disease with bleeding and jaundice

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

caused by the ebola virus ● Host reservoir is most probably a fruit bat ● Infection spread by contact with the blood and body fluids, needle reuse ● The virus disrupts the blood clotting system

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

aused by Sin nombre virus

● Frequently fatal pulmonary infection that f ills lungs with fluid

● transmitted by inhalation of viruses in dried urine and feces from infected small rodents

CHAGAS' DISEASE

caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (pic), f lagellated protozoan

● AKA American trypanosomiasis

● Arthropod vector is the "kissing bug" that often bites people near lips; but infects people via its feces that gets rubbed on the wound

● Fever, swollen glands; can lead to megacolon and megaesophagus in chronic stage

TOXOPLASMOSIS

-caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a spore forming protozoan ● Cats are definitive hosts (where sexual reproduction occurs via fusion of gametocytes); the intermediate host is a rodent (asexual reproduction

TOXOPLASMOSIS

Congenital infection possible, resulting in stillbirth

MALARIA

caused by Plasmodium, an apicomplexan, that infect and destroy RBCs

P. falciparum-

most dangerous; "malignant"; paroxysms every 2 days; more RBCs destroyed, and RBCs form surface knobs that cause them to stick to capillary walls, and cause clogging

P. malariae-

benign; paroxysms every 3rd day

P. vivax and P. ovale -

benign; every 2 days; can persist in liver if untreated

LEISHMANIASI

caused by Leishmania, flagellated protozoan, transmitted by sand flies

BABESIOSIS

disease caused by Babesia (arrow)

● Resembles malaria in some respect; the parasite replicates in RBCs and produce fever, chills, and night sweats ● Spread by Ixodes ticks

● Can be more serious in immunocompromised patients

Schistosomiasis-

caused by Schistosoma, a dioecious (distinct male and female) fluke