AP Psychology Health Psychology

Stress

hypertension, headaches, immune suppression

hypertension

high blood pressure (perfect is 120/80)

eustress (stressors)

motivating (starting college, promotion)

distress

debilitating (death, divorce, moving)

stressors

eustress, distress, traumatic events, daily hassles, ACEs

general adaptation syndrome

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

tend and befriend theory

tending to needs, connection with others

problem focused coping

finding a solution

emotion focused coping

deep breathing, meditation, medication

positive psychology

aims: well-being, resilience, positive emotions, psychological health

gratitude

showing appreciation; expressing gratitude increases subjective well-being

signature strengths

courage, humanity, justice, temperance (against excess), transcendence (part of a larger universe, appreciation of beauty), wisdom, post traumatic growth

factors in identification of psychological disorders

dysfunction, distress, deviation from social norms

positive consequences of diagnosing

the disorder, the individual, can be treated and get help

negative consequences of diagnosing

cultural/societal norms, stigma, racism, sexism, ageism, discrimination

training tools

- DSM 5

_ ICD

Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM 5) of Mental Disorders

does not say causes; provides specialized training, and evidence-based practice

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

classification system established by the WHO ; updated regularly

Eclectic approach

multiple perspectives (diverse)

cognitive perspective

maladaptive thoughts (bad)

behavioral perspective

maladaptive learned associations

humanistic perspective

unconditional positive regard

sociocultural perspective

maladaptive social + cultural relationships

biopsychosocial model

utilizes the biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspective to diagnose

diathesis-stress model

diagnosis based on genetics and environment

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

neurological/developmental disorder

causes of ADHD

• genetics

• nutrition

• central nervous system problems during development

• other factors

symptoms of ADHD

• impulsiveness

• disorganization

• poor time management skills

• problems focusing on a task

• trouble multitasking

• excessive activity and restlessness

• frequent mood swings

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

neurological/ developmental disorder

causes of ASD

• genetics

• low birth weight

• older parents

• exposure to environmental toxins

symptoms of ASD

• unable to hold eye contact

• unable to respond to their name

• does not show facial expressions

• unable to understand others feelings

• abnormal mannerisms

• repetitive movements

• lack of theory of mind

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

mood disorder

causes of MDD

• divorce

• illness

• hormones

• lack of support

• stressful life event

• adverse life event

• genetics

• cognitive triad

- world issues, future issues, self issues

symptoms of MDD

• continuous low mood or sadness

• feeling hopeless/helpless (learned helplessness)

• having low self esteem

• feeling tearful

persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

a chronic/ongoing depression

causes of PDD

• biological differences

• brain chemistry

• inherited traits

• life events (ACEs)

symptoms of PDD

• fatigue

• feelings of hopelessness

• lack of appetite/overeating

• lack of concentration

• limited energy

• low self-esteem

• difficulty performing at work or school

Bipolar disorder

Mood disorder

bipolar disorder medication

anti depressants, anti psychotics, lithium

causes of bipolar disorder

physical changes in brain

genetics. if your parents have it theres a 10% chance you'll get it aswell

symptoms of bipolar disorder (1/2)

Bipolar 1: ou've had at least one manic episode that may come before or after hypomanic or major depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may cause a break from reality. This is called psychosis. more manic, less depressed

Bipolar 2: You've had at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode. But you've never had a manic episode. Less mania, more depressed

General Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

anxiety disorder

causes of GAD

• genetics

• environment

• trouble falling or staying asleep

• performance at school or sporting events

• trouble focusing

• upset stomach

• headaches

symptoms of GAD

• constant worrying

• over thinking poland and solutions to the worst possible outcomes

• difficulting handling uncertainty

• Indecisiveness an fear making a wrong choice

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

anxiety disorder

SAD causes

• genetic & environment

• children who experience teasing, bullying, rejection, ridicule or humiliation

• negative interactions with peers

• over controlling parenting styles

• having an insecure attachment style

• taijin kyofusho - fear others are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing. It is a culture bound disorder

symptoms of SAD

• blushing

• intense worry before, during and after a social situation

• avoiding social situations or trying to blend into the background if you must attend

• self conscious and fear of doing something embarrassing

• concerns that others will notice you're stressed or nervous

Obsessive compulsive Disorder (OCD)

anxiety disorder

causes of OCD

• biology - changes in body's natural chemistry or brain functions

• genetics - may be genetic, although a specific genes for OCD have not been found

• learning - OCD can be learned from watching family members and learning over time

symptoms of OCD

• fear of contamination (only for 1 type of OCD)

• doubts and uncertainty

• needing things to be orderly

• unwanted thoughts

• obsessive - thoughts

• compulsive - actions

• could become agoraphobic

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

anxiety; trauma and stress related disorder

causes of PTSD

• witnessing or experiencing violence

• experiencing a life threatening event

• being a victim of abuse, neglect, or sexual assault

• experiencing a natural disaster

• indirect exposure to traumatic events such as seeing an aftermath of a traumatizing event, loss of a loved one through a traumatic event, hearing of//seeing images of traumatic events

• family history of mental health disorders

• lack of social support

• biological factors (genetics and brain chemistry

symptoms of PTSD

• nightmares

• flashback of the event

• intrusive memories of the event

• physiological reactions when reminded of the trauma, such as sweating, heart palpitations, or shortness of breath

avoidance of things that remind them of the trauma

difficulting controlling emotions

Panic Disorder

anxiety disorder

causes of panic disorder (w agoraphobia and arachnophobia)

• Panic disorders can begin suddenly without warning. It is caused by intense fear and an impending doom or danger along with loss of control or death

• environment and genetics

• agoraphobia - fear of places or situations that might cause panic and feelings of being trapped, helpless or embarrassed

arachnophobia - intensified fear of spiders

symptoms of panic disorder (w agoraphobia and arachnophobia)

• Panic attacks

• racing heart

• breathing difficulties

• sweating

• feeling like you're choking

• dizziness

• nausea

• shaking

• detachment from reality

• chest pain

• arachnophobia - intense and overwhelming emotion which can trigger panic attacks which can be caused by previous negative experiences which establish this irrational fear; they are linked with anxiety disorders like panic disorder and symptoms are similar

agoraphobia - Some people have panic disorder in addition to agoraphobia. People often have fear of leaving home alone, crowds or waiting in lines, both enclosed and open spaces, and using public transportation

Dissociative Amnesia (w fugue and without)

dissociative disorder

causes of dissociative amnesia

• wartime/war experience

• any type of abuse (sexual, verbal, physical)

• victim of crime or seeing a crime

• going through loss after natural disasters

• extreme stress

• brain injury

symptoms of dissociative amnesia

• memory loss of personal info, like name, DOB, etc.

• long period of time where one is detached from oneself

With Fugue

• Wanders around into a new or unknown place without knowing where they are or when a part of memory is restored

Without Fugue

• Just memory loss but does not wander into unknown places

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) (DID)

dissociative disorder

causes of DID

• the greatest risk of DID is if you've had (long-term) physical, sexual or emotional abuse during childhood.

• developmental factors in childhood

• environment and genetics

symptoms of DID

• sense of being separated from yourself and your emotions

• thinking that people and things around you are not real

• a blurred sense of your own identity

• severe stress or problems

• not being able to cope well with stress

• memory loss of crucial parts of life

Schizophrenia Spectrum disorder

psychotic disorder

schizophrenia medication

• Anti-psychotics

◦ Tardive Dyskinesia (side effect, your body shakes)

schizophrenia causes

• physical, psychological and environmental factors

• viral infections (correlation between mom having flu while pregnant and having schizophrenia)

• too much dopamine

• can be acute (quickly) or chronic (develops over time

schizophrenia symptoms

POSITIVE

• hallucinations and delusions of grandeur (think they're a lto more important than they are)

• -catatonia excitement (impulsive)

• word salad (jumbled speech, don't really make sense

NEGATIVE

• withdrawal from everyday life

• no interest in social activities

• flat affect - they're emotionless

• catatonia stupor - staring into space

positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking

negative symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech.

Schizoid

Cluster A

consistent lack of interests in social relationships

difficulty with pleasure

indifference from praise/criticism

estranged/isolated

aloof and detached

few confidants

Paranoid

Cluster A

persistent pattern of fear and mistrust of other people

high sensitivity to attacks on character

directed at most people

jump between various delusions and beliefs at all times

Schizotypal

Cluster A

presence of odd beliefs and difficulty relating to others

natural/supernatural experiences or even delusions

unusual perceptual experiences

isolated because they can't relate

scared of judgement for eccentric ways

Antisocial

Cluster B

Against social norms

has little, if any, concern for the needs or feelings of others

often lies, steals, uses false names and cons others

has repeated run-ins with the law

often violates the rights of others

is aggressive and often violent

has little, if any, concern for personal safety or the safety of others

behaves impulsively

is often reckless

has little, if any, regret for how their behavior negatively affects others

no remorse

charming

manipulative

Histrionic

Cluster B

always seeks attention

overly emotional or dramatic or stirs up sexual feelings to get attention

speaks dramatically with strong opinions but has few facts or details to back them up

easily led by others

has shallow emotions that change quickly

is very concerned with physical appearance

thinks relationships with others are closer than they are

narcissitic

Cluster B

has beliefs about being special and more important than others

has fantasies about power, success and being attractive to others

does not understand the needs and feelings of others

stretches the truth about achievements or talents

expects constant praise and wants to be admired

feels superior to others and brags about it

expects favors and advantages without a good reason

often takes advantage of others

is jealous of others or believes that others are jealous of them

Borderline

Cluster B

strong fear of being alone or abandoned

ongoing feelings of emptiness

sees self as being unstable or weak

deep relationships that aren't stable

up and down moods, often due to stress when interacting with others

threatens self-harm or behaves in ways that could lead to suicide

often very angry

shows impulsive and risky behavior

stress-related paranoia that comes and goes

Avoidant

Cluster C

very sensitive to criticism or rejection

does not feel good enough, important or attractive

doesn't take part in work activities that include contact with others

is isolated

doesn't try new activities and doesn't like meeting new people

is extremely shy in social settings and in dealing with others

fears disapproval, embarrassment or being made fun of

Dependent

Cluster C

relies on others too much and feels the need to be taken care of

is submissive or clingy toward others

fears having to take care of self if left alone

lacks confidence in abilities

needs a lot of advice and comforting from others to make even small decisions

finds it hard to start or do projects due to lack of self-confidence

finds it hard to disagree with others, fearing they will not approve

endures poor treatment or abuse, even when other options are available

has an urgent need to start a new relationship when a close on ends.

doesn't take accountability

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCPD)

Cluster C

focuses too much on details, orderliness, and rules

thinks everything needs to be perfect and gets upset when perfection is not achieved

cannot finish a project because reaching perfection is not possible

needs to be in control of people, tasks and situations

cannot assign tasks to others

ignores friends and enjoyable activities because of too much focus on work or a project

cannot throw away broken or worthless objects

is rigid and stubborn

is not flexible about morality, ethics or values

holds very tight control over budgeting and spending money.

Cluster A classification

based off of odd and eccentric behavior

Cluster B classification

consistently dysfunctional pattern of dramatic, overly emotional thinking or unpredictable behavior

Cluster C classification

consistently dysfunctional pattern of anxious thinking or behavior ; anxious